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<H1></H1>



<UL>

	<LI><A HREF="#Heading1">- 9 -</A>

	<UL>

		<LI><A HREF="#Heading2">GNU Project Utilities</A>

		<UL>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading3">GNU Software Currently Available</A>

			<UL>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading4">autoconf</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading5">bash</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading6">bc</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading7">BFD</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading8">binutils</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading9">bison</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading10">GNU C Compiler</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading11">GNU C Library</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading12">GNU C++ Library</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading13">calc</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading14">GNU Chess</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading15">CLISP</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading16">GNU Common Lisp</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading17">cpio</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading18">CVS</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading19">dc</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading20">DejaGnu</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading21">Diffutils</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading22">ecc</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading23">ed</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading24">elib</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading25">GNU Emacs</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading26">GNU Emacs 19</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading27">es</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading28">fileutils</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading29">find</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading30">finger</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading31">flex</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading32">fontutils</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading33">gas</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading34">gawk</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading35">gdb</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading36">gdbm</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading37">Ghostscript</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading38">Ghostview</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading39">gmp</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading40">GNats</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading41">gnuplot</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading42">gperf</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading43">GNU Graphics</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading44">grep</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading45">groff</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading46">gzip</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading47">hp2xx</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading48">indent</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading49">ispell</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading50">m4</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading51">make</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading52">mtools</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading53">MULE</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading54">NetFax</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading55">NetHack</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading56">NIH Class Library</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading57">nvi</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading58">octave</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading59">oleo</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading60">p2c</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading61">patch</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading62">PCL</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading63">perl</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading64">ptx</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading65">rc</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading66">RCS</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading67">recode</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading68">regex</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading69">Scheme</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading70">screen</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading71">sed</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading72">shellutils</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading73">GNU Shogi</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading74">Smalltalk</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading75">superopt</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading76">tar</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading77">termcap Library</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading78">TeX</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading79">texinfo</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading80">textutils</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading81">Tile Forth</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading82">time</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading83">tput</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading84">UUCP</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading85">uuencode/uudecode</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading86">wdiff</A>

			</UL>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading87">Summary</A>

		</UL>

	</UL>

</UL>



<P>

<HR SIZE="4">



<H2 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading1<FONT COLOR="#000077">- 9 -</FONT></H2>

<H2 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading2<FONT COLOR="#000077">GNU Project Utilities</FONT></H2>

<P><I>by Peter MacKinnon</I></P>

<P>IN THIS CHAPTER</P>



<UL>

	<LI>GNU Software Currently Available

</UL>



<P>The GNU project, administered by the Free Software Foundation (FSF), seeks to

provide software (in the form of source code) that is freely available to anyone

who wants to use it. The project has a lengthy manifesto that explains the motivation

behind this libertarian undertaking (for which we should all be thankful, since GNU

has some of the best software around!). One of the key ideas within this manifesto

is that high-quality software is an intrinsic human right, just as the air that we

breathe is. Although GNU software is freely distributed, it is not public domain

and is protected by the GNU General Public License. The main purpose behind the license

is to keep GNU software free.</P>

<P>For more information on the FSF, you can write to them at <BR>

<BR>

<I>Free Software Foundation</I></P>

<P><I>675 Massachusetts Avenue<BR>

<BR>

Cambridge, MA 02139<BR>

</I><BR>

You can also request copies by sending e-mail to <TT>[e-mail]</TT>.</P>



<P>The distribution of Linux on this book's CD-ROM comes with virtually all of the

GNU programs that are currently available. They are archived using the <TT>tar</TT>

program and compressed using the GNU <TT>gzip</TT> utility. <TT>gzip</TT> tends to

compress better than the standard UNIX compression utility, <TT>compress</TT>. Files

compressed with <TT>gzip</TT> end with a <TT>.gz</TT> suffix, whereas <TT>compress</TT>

files end in <TT>.Z</TT>. However, <TT>gzip</TT> can uncompress <TT>compress</TT>

files as well as its own.</P>

<P>Each of these compressed files has a version number included in its filename so

that you can determine what version is most current. Once you decompress and un-<TT>tar</TT>

the GNU file, the program can be compiled and installed on your system. Most of the

files come with their own makefile. Most of the programs are refinements of standard

Linux utilities such as <TT>make</TT> and <TT>bc</TT>.

<H3 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading3<FONT COLOR="#000077">GNU Software Currently

Available</FONT></H3>

<P>So much software, either developed by or made available through the Free Software

Foundation (which develops the GNU products), is available that each program cannot

be described in detail. The following sections have brief descriptions of the GNU

utilities and programs that are included with this distribution of Linux. They are

summaries based on the descriptions of the programs as supplied by GNU.

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading4<FONT COLOR="#000077">autoconf</FONT></H4>

<P><TT>autoconf</TT> generates shell scripts that can automatically configure source

code packages (such as those for GNU). <TT>autoconf</TT> creates a script for a software

package from a file which lists the operating system features that the package can

utilize. <TT>autoconf</TT> requires GNU <TT>m4</TT> to generate the required macro

calls for its operation.

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading5<FONT COLOR="#000077">bash</FONT></H4>

<P>The shell called <TT>bash</TT> is an enhancement of the Bourne shell (thus the

name, which stands for Bourne Again SHell). It offers many of the extensions found

in <TT>csh</TT> and <TT>ksh</TT>. The <TT>bash</TT> shell also has job control, <TT>csh</TT>-style

command history, and command-line editing with <TT>Emacs</TT> and <TT>vi</TT> modes

built in. See Chapter 10, &quot;<TT>bash</TT>.&quot;

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading6<FONT COLOR="#000077">bc</FONT></H4>

<P><TT>bc</TT> is an algebraic language that can be used interactively from a shell

command line, or with input files. GNU <TT>bc</TT> has a C-like syntax with several

extensions including multicharacter variable names, an <TT>else</TT> statement, and

full Boolean expressions. Unlike standard <TT>bc</TT>, GNU <TT>bc</TT> does not require

the separate <TT>dc</TT> program, which is another GNU calculator utility.

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading7<FONT COLOR="#000077">BFD</FONT></H4>

<P>The BFD library allows a program that operates on object files (such as <TT>ld</TT>

or <TT>gdb</TT>) to support many different formats efficiently. BFD provides a portable

interface, so that only BFD needs to know the details of a particular format. One

result is that all programs using BFD will support formats such as <TT>a.out</TT>

(default C executable) and <TT>COFF</TT>.

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading8<FONT COLOR="#000077">binutils</FONT></H4>

<P><TT>binutils</TT> includes a collection of development programs, including <TT>ar</TT>,

<TT>as</TT>,<TT> c++filt</TT>, <TT>gasp</TT>,<TT> gprof</TT>, <TT>encaps</TT>,<TT>

ld</TT>, <TT>nm</TT>,<TT> objcopy</TT>, <TT>objdump</TT>, <TT>ranlib</TT>, <TT>strings</TT>,

<TT>strings-gnu</TT>, <TT>strip</TT>, <TT>ld86</TT>, and <TT>as86</TT>.</P>

<P><TT>binutils</TT> Version 2.6.0.14 is written to use the BFD library. The GNU

linker <TT>ld</TT> emits source-line numbered error messages for multiply-defined

symbols and undefined references. The <TT>objdump</TT> program can display data such

as symbols from any file format understood by BFD.

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading9<FONT COLOR="#000077">bison</FONT></H4>

<P><TT>bison</TT> is an upwardly compatible replacement for the parser generator

<TT>yacc</TT>. <TT>bison</TT> takes a description of tokens in the form of a grammar

and generates a parser in the form of a C program.