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<A NAME="PAGENUM-283"><P>Page 283</P></A>
<P>input. file1 and file2 should be already sorted in increasing order (not numerically) on the join fields; unless the
_t option is given, they should be sorted ignoring blanks at the start of the line, as
sort does when given the _b option.
</P>
<P>The defaults are the following: The join field is the first field in each line; fields in the input are separated by one or
more blanks, with leading blanks on the line ignored; fields in the output are separated by a space; each output line consists of
the join field, the remaining fields from file1, then the remaining fields from
file2.
</P>
<P><B>
OPTIONS
</B></P>
<TABLE>
<TR><TD>
_a file-number
</TD><TD>
Print a line for each unpairable line in file
file-number (either 1 or 2), in addition to the
normal output.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
_e string
</TD><TD>
Replace empty output fields (those that are missing in the input) with
string.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
_1, _j1 field
</TD><TD>
Join on field field (a positive integer) of file 1.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
_2, _j2 field
</TD><TD>
Join on field field (a positive integer) of file 2.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
_j field
</TD><TD>
Equivalent to _1 field _2 field.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
_o field-list...
</TD><TD>
Construct each output line according to the format in
field-list. Each element in field-list consists of a file number (either 1 or 2), a period, and a field number (a positive integer).
The elements in the list are separated by commas or blanks. Multiple
field-list arguments can be given after a single
_o option; the values of all lists given with _o are concatenated together.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
_t char
</TD><TD>
Use character char as the input and output field separator.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
_v file-number
</TD><TD>
Print a line for each unpairable line in file
file-number (either 1 or 2), instead of the normal output.
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>In addition, when GNU join is invoked with exactly one argument, the following OPTIONS are recognized:
</P>
<TABLE>
<TR><TD>
--help
</TD><TD>
Print a usage message on standard output and exit successfully.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
--version
</TD><TD>
Print version information on standard output, then exit successfully.
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>
GNU Text Utilities
</P>
<H3><A NAME="ch01_ 135">
kill
</A></H3>
<P>kill—Terminate a process
</P>
<P><B>
SYNOPSIS
</B></P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
kill [ _s signal | _p ] [-a]pid ...
kill -l [ signal ]
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P><B>
DESCRIPTION
</B></P>
<P>kill sends the specified signal to the specified process. If no signal is specified, the
TERM signal is sent. The TERM signal will kill processes that do not catch this signal. For other processes, if may be necessary to use the
KILL(9) signal because this signal cannot be caught.
</P>
<P>Most modern shells have a built-in kill function.
</P>
<P><B>
OPTIONS
</B></P>
<TABLE>
<TR><TD>
pid ...
</TD><TD>
Specify the list of processes that kill
should signal. Each pid can be a process ID, or a process name.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
_s
</TD><TD>
Specify the signal to send. The signal may be given as a signal name or number.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
_p
</TD><TD>
Specify that kill should only print the process ID
(pid) of the named process, and should not send it a signal.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
_l
</TD><TD>
Print a list of signal names. These are found in
/usr/include/linux/signal.h.
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P><B>
SEE ALSO
</B></P>
<P>bash(1), tcsh(1), kill(2), sigvec(2)
</P>
<A NAME="PAGENUM-284"><P>Page 284</P></A>
<P><B>
AUTHOR
</B></P>
<P>Taken from BSD 4.4. The ability to translate process names to process ids was added by Salvatore
Valente (<svalente@mit.edu>).
</P>
<P>
Linux Utilities, 14 October 1994
</P>
<H3><A NAME="ch01_ 136">
killall
</A></H3>
<P>killall—Kill processes by name
</P>
<P><B>
SYNOPSIS
</B></P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
killall [_iv][_signal] name ...
killall [_l]
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P><B>
DESCRIPTION
</B></P>
<P>killall sends a signal to all processes running any of the specified commands. If no signal name is specified,
SIGTERM is sent.
</P>
<P>Signals can be specified either by name (for example,
_HUP) or by number (for example, _1). Signal 0 (check if a process
exists) can only be specified by number.
</P>
<P>If the command name contains a slash (/), processes executing that particular file will be selected for killing, independent
of their name.
</P>
<P>killall returns a nonzero return code if no process has been killed for any of the listed commands. If at least one process
has been killed for each command, killall returns zero.
</P>
<P>A killall process never kills itself (but may kill other
killall processes).
</P>
<P><B>
OPTIONS
</B></P>
<TABLE>
<TR><TD>
_i
</TD><TD>
Interactively ask for confirmation of killing.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
_l
</TD><TD>
List all known signal names.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
_v
</TD><TD>
Report if the signal was successfully sent.
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P><B>
FILES
</B></P>
<P>/proc Location of the proc FILESystem
</P>
<P><B>
KNOWN BUGS
</B></P>
<P>Killing by file only works for executables that are kept open during execution; that is, impure executables can't be killed
this way.
</P>
<P><B>
AUTHOR
</B></P>
<P>Werner Almesberger (almesber@di.epfl.ch)
</P>
<P><B>
SEE ALSO
</B></P>
<P>kill(1), fuser(1), ps(1), kill(2)
</P>
<P>
Linux, 11 October 1994
</P>
<H3><A NAME="ch01_ 137">
ksyms
</A></H3>
<P>ksyms—Shows the exported kernel symbols
</P>
<P><B>
SYNOPSIS
</B></P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
ksyms [_a][_h][_m]
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
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