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<A NAME="PAGENUM-78"><P>Page 78</P></A>
<B>
SEE ALSO
</B>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>awk(1), column(1), expand(1), paste(1)
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P><B>
HISTORY
</B></P>
<P>The colrm command appeared in BSD 3.0.
</P>
<P>BSD 3, 14 March 1991
</P>
<H3><A NAME="ch01_ 39">
column
</A></H3>
<P>column—Columnate lists
</P>
<P><B>
SYNOPSIS
</B></P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
column [_tx] [_ccolumns] [_ssep] [...file]
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P><B>
DESCRIPTION
</B></P>
<P>The column utility formats its input into multiple columns. Rows are filled before columns. Input is taken from file
operands, or, by default, from the standard input. Empty lines are ignored.
</P>
<P>The options are as follows:</P>
<TABLE>
<TR><TD>
_c
</TD><TD>
Output is formatted for a display columns wide.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
-s
</TD><TD>
Specify a set of characters to be used to delimit columns for the
-t option.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
-t
</TD><TD>
Determine the number of columns the input contains and create a table. Columns are delimited
with whitespace, by default, or with the characters supplied using the
-s option. Useful for pretty-printing displays.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
-x
</TD><TD>
Fill columns before filling rows.
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>Column exits 0 on success, >0 if an error occurred.</P>
<P><B>
ENVIRONMENT
</B></P>
<P>The environment variable COLUMNS is used to determine the size of the screen if no other information is available.</P>
<P><B>
EXAMPLES
</B></P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
(printf "PERM LINKS OWNER SIZE MONTH DAY HH:MM/YEAR NAME"; ls -l j sed 1d) j column -t
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P><B>
SEE ALSO
</B></P>
<P>colrm(1), ls(1), paste(1), sort(1)
<P><B>
HISTORY
</B></P>
<P>The column command appeared in BSD 4.3 Reno.
</P>
<P>6 June 1993
</P>
<H3><A NAME="ch01_ 40">
comm
</A></H3>
<P>comm—Compare two sorted files line by line</P>
<B>
SYNOPSIS
</B>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
comm [_123] [—help] [—version] file1 file2
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<A NAME="PAGENUM-79"><P>Page 79</P></A>
<P><B>
DESCRIPTION
</B></P>
<P>This manual page documents the GNU version of
comm. comm prints lines that are common, and lines that are unique, to
two input files. The two files must be sorted before
comm can be used. The filename _ means the standard input.
</P>
<P>With no options, comm produces three column output. Column one contains lines unique to
file1, column two contains lines unique to file2, and column three contains lines common to both files.
</P>
<P><B>
OPTIONS
</B></P>
<P>The options _1, _2, and _3 suppress printing of the corresponding columns.
</P>
<TABLE>
<TR><TD>
—help
</TD><TD>
Print a usage message and exit with a nonzero status.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
—version
</TD><TD>
Print version information on standard output then exit.
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>GNU Text Utilities
</P>
<H3><A NAME="ch01_ 41">
convdate
</A></H3>
<P>convdate—Convert time/date strings and numbers
</P>
<P><B>
SYNOPSIS
</B></P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
convdate [ _c ][_n ][_s ] arg...
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P><B>
DESCRIPTION
</B></P>
<P>convdate translates the date/time strings specified as arguments on its command line, outputting the results one to a line.
</P>
<P>If the _s flag is used, then each argument is taken as a date string to be parsed by
parse-date(3) and is output as a string formatted by
ctime(3). This is the default.
</P>
<P>If the _n flag is used, then each argument is converted the same way but is output as a time
t; see time(2).</P>
<P>If the _c flag is used, then each argument is taken to be a time
t and is output in ctime format.
</P>
<P>Here's an example:</P>
<!-- CODE //-->
<PRE>
% convdate `feb 10 10am'
Sun Feb 10 10:00:00 1991
% convdate 12pm 5/4/90
Fri Dec 13 00:00:00 1991
Fri May 4 00:00:00 1990
% convdate -n `feb 10 10am' '12pm 5/4/90'
666198000
641880000
% convdate -c 666198000
Sun Feb 10 10:00:00 1991
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE //-->
<P><B>
HISTORY
</B></P>
<P>Written by Rich $alz (rsalz@uunet.uu.net).
<P><B>
SEE ALSO
</B></P>
<P>parsedate(3)
</P>
<A NAME="PAGENUM-80"><P>Page 80</P></A>
<H3><A NAME="ch01_ 42">
cp
</A></H3>
<P>cp—Copy files
</P>
<P><B>
SYNOPSIS
</B></P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
cp [options] source dest
cp [options] source... directory
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P>Options:</P>
<!-- CODE //-->
<PRE>
[_abdfilprsuvxPR] [_S backup-suffix] [_V fnumbered,existing,simpleg] [—backup]
[—no-dereference] [—force] [—interactive] [—one-file-system] [—preserve]
[—recursive][—update] [—verbose] [—suffix=backup-suffix]
[—version-control=fnumbered,existing,simpleg] [—archive] [—parents] [—link]
[—symbolic-link] [—help] [—version]
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE //-->
<P><B>
DESCRIPTION
</B></P>
<P>This manual page documents the GNU version of
cp. If the last argument names an existing directory,
cp copies each other given file into a file with the same name in that directory. Otherwise, if only two files are given, it copies the first onto
the second. It is an error if the last argument is not a directory and more than two files are given. By default, it does not
copy directories.
</P>
<P><B>
OPTIONS
</B></P>
<TABLE>
<TR><TD>
_a, —archive
</TD><TD>
Preserve as much as possible of the structure and attributes of the original files in the
copy. The same as _dpR.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
_b, —backup
</TD><TD>
Make backups of files that are about to be overwritten or removed.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
_d, —no-dereference
</TD><TD>
Copy symbolic links as symbolic links rather than copying the files that they point to,
and preserve hard link relationships between source files in the copies.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
_f, —force
</TD><TD>
Remove existing destination files.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
-i, —interactive
</TD><TD>
Prompt whether to overwrite existing regular destination files.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
_l, —link
</TD><TD>
Make hard links instead of copies of nondirectories.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
_P, —parents
</TD><TD>
Form the name of each destination file by appending to the target directory a slash and
the specified name of the source file. The last argument given to
cp must be the name of an existing directory. For example, the command
cp —parents a/b/c existing_dir copies the
file a/b/c to existing_dir/a/b/c, creating any missing intermediate directories.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
_p, —preserve
</TD><TD>
Preserve the original files' owner, group, permissions, and timestamps.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
-r
</TD><TD>
Copy directories recursively, copying all nondirectories as if they were regular files.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
_s, —symbolic-link
</TD><TD>
Make symbolic links instead of copies of nondirectories. All source filenames must
be absolute (starting with /) unless the destination files are in the current directory.
This option produces an error message on systems that do not support symbolic links.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
_u, —update
</TD><TD>
Do not copy a nondirectory that has an existing destination with the same or
newer modification time.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
_v, —verbose
</TD><TD>
Print the name of each file before copying it.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
_x, —one-file-system
</TD><TD>
Skip subdirectories that are on different filesystems from the one that the copy started on.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
_R, —recursive
</TD><TD>
Copy directories recursively.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
—help
</TD><TD>
Print a usage message on standard output and exit successfully.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
—version
</TD><TD>
Print version information on standard output then exit successfully.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
_S, —suffix backup-suffix
</TD><TD>
The suffix used for making simple backup files can be set with the
SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX environment variable, which can be overridden by this option. If neither of those is
given, the default is ~, as it is in emacs.
</TD></TR></TABLE>
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