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<A NAME="PAGENUM-255"><P>Page 255</P></A>
<P>If an iteration count and/or a byte count is specified, a single slash must be placed after the iteration count and/or before
the byte count to disambiguate them. Any whitespace before or after the slash is ignored.
</P>
<P>The format is required and must be surrounded by double quote (" ") marks. It is interpreted as an
fprintf-style format string (see fprintf(3)) with the following exceptions:
</P>
<UL>
<LI> An asterisk (*) may not be used as a field width or precision.
<LI> A byte count or field precision is required for each
s conversion character (unlike the fprintf(3) default, which
prints the entire string if the precision is unspecified).
<LI> The conversion characters h, l, n, p, and
q are not supported.
<LI> The single-character escape sequences described in the C standard are supported:
</UL>
<TABLE>
<TR><TD>
NUL
</TD><TD>
\0
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
Alert character
</TD><TD>
\a
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
Backspace
</TD><TD>
\b
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
Form-feed
</TD><TD>
\f
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
Newline
</TD><TD>
\n
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
Carriage return
</TD><TD>
\r
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
Tab
</TD><TD>
\t
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
Vertical tab
</TD><TD>
\v
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>hexdump also supports the following additional conversion strings:
</P>
<TABLE>
<TR><TD>
a[dox]
</TD><TD>
Display the input offset, cumulative across input FILES, of the next byte to be displayed. The appended
characters d, o, and x specify the display base as decimal, octal, or hexadecimal respectively.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
A[dox]
</TD><TD>
Identical to the a conversion string except that it is only performed once, when all of the input data has
been processed.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
c
</TD><TD>
Output characters in the default character set. Nonprinting characters are displayed in three-character,
zero-padded octal, except for those representable by standard escape notation (see preceding list), which are
displayed as two-character strings.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
p
</TD><TD>
Output characters in the default character set. Nonprinting characters are displayed as a single period.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
u
</TD><TD>
Output U.S. ASCII characters, with the exception that control characters are displayed using the lowercase
names in the following mini-table. Characters greater than
0xff, hexadecimal, are displayed as hexadecimal strings.
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<!-- CODE //-->
<PRE>
000 nul 001 soh 002 stx 003 etx 004 eot 005 enq
006 ack 007 bel 008 bs 009 ht 00A lf 00B vt
00C ff 00D cr 00E so 00F si 010 dle 011 dc1
012 dc2 013 dc3 014 dc4 015 nak 016 syn 017 etb
018 can 019 em 01A sub 01B esc 01C fs 01D gs
01E rs 01F us 0FF del
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE //-->
<P>The default and supported byte counts for the conversion characters are as follows:
</P>
<TABLE>
<TR><TD>
%_c, %_p, %_u, %c
</TD><TD>
One-byte counts only.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
%d, %i, %o, %u, %X, %x
</TD><TD>
Four-byte default; one-, two-, and four-byte counts supported.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
%E, %e, %f, %G, %g
</TD><TD>
Eight-byte default, four-byte counts supported.
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>The amount of data interpreted by each format string is the sum of the data required by each format unit, which is
the iteration count times the byte count, or the iteration count times the number of bytes required by the format if the
byte count is not specified.
</P>
<P>The input is manipulated in blocks; a block is defined as the largest amount of data specified by any format string.
Format strings interpreting less than an input block's worth of data, whose last format unit both interprets some number of
bytes and does not have a specified iteration count, have the iteration count incremented until the entire input block has
been processed or there is not enough data remaining in the block to satisfy the format string.
</P>
<A NAME="PAGENUM-256"><P>Page 256</P></A>
<P>If, either as a result of user specification or
hexdump modifying the iteration count as described, an iteration count is
greater than one, no trailing whitespace characters are output during the last iteration.
</P>
<P>It is an error to specify a byte count as well as multiple conversion characters or strings unless all but one of the
conversion characters or strings is a or A. If, as a result of the specification of the
-n option or end-of-file being reached, input data
only partially satisfies a format string, the input block is zero-padded sufficiently to display all available data (that is, any
format units overlapping the end of data will display some number of the zero bytes).
</P>
<P>Further output by such format strings is replaced by an equivalent number of spaces. An equivalent number of spaces
is defined as the number of spaces output by an s conversion character with the same field width and precision as the
original conversion character or conversion string but with any
+, " ", # conversion flag characters removed, and referencing a
NULL string.
</P>
<P>If no format strings are specified, the default display is equivalent to specifying the
-x option.
</P>
<P>hexdump exits 0 on success and >0 if an error occurred.
</P>
<P><B>
EXAMPLES
</B></P>
<P>Display the input in perusal format:
</P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
"%06.6_ao " 12/1 "%3_u "
"\t\t" "%_p "
"\n"
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P>Implement the _x option:
</P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
"%07.7_Ax\n"
"%07.7_ax " 8/2 "%04x " "\n"
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P><B>
SEE ALSO
</B></P>
<P>adb(1)
</P>
<P>
18 April 1994
</P>
<H3><A NAME="ch01_ 111">
hipstopgm
</A></H3>
<P>hipstopgm—Convert a HIPS file into a portable graymap
</P>
<P><B>
SYNOPSIS
</B></P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
hipstopgm [hipsfile]
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P><B>
DESCRIPTION
</B></P>
<P>Hipstopgm reads a HIPS file as input and produces a portable graymap as output.
</P>
<P>If the HIPS file contains more than one frame in sequence,
hipstopgm will concatenate all the frames vertically.
</P>
<P>HIPS is a format developed at the Human Information Processing Laboratory, NYU.
</P>
<P><B>
SEE ALSO
</B></P>
<P>pgm(5)
</P>
<P><B>
AUTHOR
</B></P>
<P>Copyright " 1989 by Jef Poskanzer
</P>
<P>
24 August 1989
</P>
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