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<!-- TITLE=Linux Complete Command Reference//-->
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<a href="0434-0434.html">Previous</A> | <a href="../ewtoc.html">Table of Contents</A> | <a href="0440-0441.html">Next</A></CENTER></P>
<A NAME="PAGENUM-435"><P>Page 435</P></A>
<P><B>
BUGS
</B></P>
<P>The program will produce incorrect results with PostScript files that initialize the current transformation matrix. In
these cases, page translation and rotation will not have any effect. To render these files, probably the best bet is to use the
following flags:
</P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
pstopnm -xborder 0 -yborder 0 -portrait -nocrop file.ps
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P>Additional flags may be needed if the document is supposed to be rendered on a medium different from letter-size paper.
</P>
<P><B>
SEE ALSO
</B>
</P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
gs(l), pstofits(l)
</PRE>
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<P><B>
COPYRIGHT
</B></P>
<P>Copyright" 1992 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. PostScript is a trademark of Adobe Systems Inc.
</P>
<P><B>
AUTHOR
</B>
</P>
<P>Alberto Accomazzi, WIPL, Center for Astrophysics
</P>
<P>28 December 1992
</P>
<H3><A NAME="ch01_ 338">
pstree
</A></H3>
<P>pstree—Display a tree of processes
</P>
<P><B>
SYNOPSIS
</B>
</P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
pstree [_a][_c][_h][_l][_p][_u][pid|user]
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P><B>
DESCRIPTION
</B>
</P>
<P>pstree shows running processes as a tree. The tree is rooted at either
pid or init if pid is omitted. If a username is
specified, all process trees rooted at processes owned by that user are shown.
</P>
<P>pstree visually merges identical branches by putting them in square brackets and prefixing them with the repetition
count; for example,
</P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
init-+-getty
|-getty
|-getty
`-getty
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P>becomes</P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
init--4*[getty]
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P><B>
OPTIONS
</B>
</P>
<TABLE>
<TR><TD>
_a
</TD><TD>
Show command-line arguments. If the command line of a process is swapped out, that process is shown
in parentheses. _a implicitly disables compaction.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
_c
</TD><TD>
Disable compaction of identical subtrees. By default, subtrees are compacted whenever possible.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
_h
</TD><TD>
Highlight the current process and its ancestors. This is a no-op if the terminal doesn't support highlighting or
if neither the current process nor any of its ancestors are in the subtree being shown.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
_l
</TD><TD>
Display long lines. By default, lines are truncated to the display width or 132 if output is sent to a
non-tty or if the display width is unknown.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
_p
</TD><TD>
Show pids. pids are shown as decimal numbers in parentheses after each process name.
_p implicitly disables compaction.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
_u
</TD><TD>
Show uid transitions. Whenever the uid of a process differs from the
uid of its parent, the new uid is shown in parentheses after the process name.
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<A NAME="PAGENUM-436"><P>Page 436</P></A>
<P><B>
FILES
</B>
</P>
<P>/proc Location of the proc filesystem
</P>
<P><B>
AUTHOR
</B>
</P>
<P>Werner Almesberger (almesber@di.epfl.ch)
</P>
<P><B>
SEE ALSO
</B>
</P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
ps(1), top(1)
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P>Linux, 11 October 1994
</P>
<H3><A NAME="ch01_ 339">
psupdate
</A></H3>
<P>psupdate—Update the ps database of kernel offsets
</P>
<P><B>
SYNOPSIS
</B>
</P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
psupdate [system path]
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P><B>
DESCRIPTION
</B>
</P>
<P>psupdate updates the /boot/psdatabase file to correspond to the current kernel image system mapfile,
/usr/src/linux/vmlinux by default.
</P>
<P><B>
OPTIONS
</B>
</P>
<P>If your system mapfile is not
/usr/src/linux/vmlinux, you may give the name of an alternate mapfile on the command line.
</P>
<P><B>
FILES
</B>
</P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
/boot/psdatabase
/usr/src/linux/vmlin
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P><B>
SEE ALSO
</B>
</P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
ps(1), top(1), utmp(5)
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P><B>
AUTHORS
</B>
</P>
<P>Original code written by Branko Lankaster, horribly munged by Michael K. Johnson in a desperate effort to add
/etc/psdatabase support to procps. Someday, it should be rewritten, and the support in
ps for alternate namelists added. Anyone want to volunteer to be added to the "Authors" section?
</P>
<P>Cohesive Systems, 15 September 1993
</P>
<H3><A NAME="ch01_ 340">
qrttoppm
</A></H3>
<P>qrttoppm—Convert output from the QRT ray tracer into a portable pixmap
</P>
<P><B>
SYNOPSIS
</B>
</P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
qrttoppm [qrtfile]
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P><B>
DESCRIPTION
</B>
</P>
<P>qrttoppm reads a QRT file as input and produces a portable pixmap as output.
</P>
<A NAME="PAGENUM-437"><P>Page 437</P></A>
<P><B>
SEE ALSO
</B></P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
ppm(5)
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P><B>
AUTHOR
</B>
</P>
<P>Copyright" 1989 by Jef Poskanzer.
</P>
<P>25 August 1989
</P>
<H3><A NAME="ch01_ 341">
quota
</A></H3>
<P>quota—Display disk usage and limits
</P>
<P><B>
SYNOPSIS
</B>
</P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
quota [ -guv | q ]
quota [ -uv | q ] user
quota [ -gv | q ] group
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P><B>
DESCRIPTION
</B>
</P>
<P>quota displays users' disk usage and limits. By default, only the user quotas are printed.
</P>
<TABLE>
<TR><TD>
_g
</TD><TD>
Print group quotas for the group of which the user is a member. The optional
_u flag is equivalent to the default.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
_v
</TD><TD>
Will display quotas on filesystems where no storage is allocated.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
-q
</TD><TD>
Print a more terse message, containing only information on filesystems where usage is over quota.
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>Specifying both _g and _u displays both the user quotas and the group quotas (for the user).
</P>
<P>Only the superuser may use the _u flag and the optional
user argument to view the limits of other users. Non-superusers
can use the _g flag and optional group argument to view only the limits of groups of which they are members.
</P>
<P>The _q flag takes precedence over the _v flag.
</P>
<P>quota reports the quotas of all the filesystems listed in
/etc/fstab. For filesystems that are NFS-mounted, a call to
the rpc.rquotad on the server machine is performed to get the information. If
quota exits with a nonzero status, one or more filesystems are over quota.
</P>
<P><B>
FILES
</B>
</P>
<TABLE>
<TR><TD>
quota.user
</TD><TD>
Located at the filesystem root with user quotas
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
quota.group
</TD><TD>
Located at the filesystem root with group quotas
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
/etc/fstab
</TD><TD>
To find filesystem names and locations
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P><B>
SEE ALSO
</B>
</P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
quotactl(2), fstab(5), edquota(8), quotacheck(8),
quotaon(8), repquota(8)
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P>8 January 1993
</P>
<H3><A NAME="ch01_ 342">
ranlib
</A></H3>
<P>ranlib—Generate index to archive
</P>
<P><B>
SYNOPSIS
</B>
</P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
ranlib [ _v|_V] archive
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<A NAME="PAGENUM-438"><P>Page 438</P></A>
<P><B>
DESCRIPTION
</B>
</P>
<P>ranlib generates an index to the contents of an archive and stores it in the archive. The index lists each symbol defined by
a member of an archive that is a relocatable object file.
</P>
<P>You may use nm _s or nm --print-armap to list this index.
</P>
<P>An archive with such an index speeds up linking to the library, and allows routines in the library to call each other
without regard to their placement in the archive.
</P>
<P>The GNU ranlib program is another form of GNU
ar; running ranlib is completely equivalent to executing
ar _s.
</P>
<P><B>
OPTIONS
</B>
</P>
<TABLE>
<TR><TD>
_v
</TD><TD>
Print the version number of ranlib and exit
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P><B>
SEE ALSO
</B>
</P>
<P>binutils entry in info; The GNU Binary
Utilities, Roland H. Pesch (October 1991); ar(1);
nm(1).
</P>
<P><B>
COPYING
</B></P>
<P>Copyright" 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies.
</P>
<P>Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim
copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one.
</P>
<P>Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above
conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be included in translations approved by the Free
Software Foundation instead of in the original English.
</P>
<P>Cygnus support, 5 November 1991
</P>
<H3><A NAME="ch01_ 343">
rasttopnm
</A></H3>
<P>rasttopnm—Convert a Sun raster file into a portable anymap
</P>
<P><B>
SYNOPSIS
</B>
</P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
rasttopnm [rastfile]
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P><B>
DESCRIPTION
</B>
</P>
<P>rasttopnm reads a Sun raster file as input and produces a portable anymap as output. The type of the output file depends
on the input file—if it's black and white, a
pbm file is written; else if it's grayscale, a pgm
file; else a ppm file. The program tells you which type it is writing.
</P>
<P><B>
SEE ALSO
</B>
</P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>pnmtorast(1), pnm(5)
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P><B>
AUTHOR
</B>
</P>
<P>Copyright " 1989, 1991 by Jef Poskanzer.
</P>
<P>13 January 1991
</P>
<A NAME="PAGENUM-439"><P>Page 439</P></A>
<H3><A NAME="ch01_ 344">
rawtopgm
</A></H3>
<P>rawtopgm—Convert raw grayscale bytes into a portable graymap
</P>
<P><B>
SYNOPSIS
</B>
</P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
rawtopgm [-headerskip N][-rowskip N][-tb|-topbottom][width height][imagedata]
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P><B>
DESCRIPTION
</B>
</P>
<P>rawtopgm reads raw grayscale bytes as input and produces a portable graymap as output. The input file is just grayscale
bytes. If you don't specify the width and height on the command line, the program will check the size of the image and try to
make a quadratic image of it. It is an error to supply a non-quadratic image without specifying width and height. The
maxval is assumed to be 255.
</P>
<P><B>
OPTIONS
</B>
</P>
<TABLE>
<TR><TD>
-headerskip
</TD><TD>
If the file has a header, you can use this flag to skip over it.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
-rowskip
</TD><TD>
If there is padding at the ends of the rows, you can skip it with this flag. Note that
rowskip can be a real number. Amazingly, I once had an image with 0.376 bytes of padding per row. This turned out to be
due to a file transfer problem, but I was still able to read the image.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
-tb -topbottom
</TD><TD>
Flips the image upside down. The first pixel in a
pgm file is in the lower-left corner of the image.
For conversion from images with the first pixel in the upper-left corner (for example, the Molecular
Dynamics and Leica confocal formats), this flips the image right. This is equivalent to
rawtopgm [file] | pnmflip<BR>
-tb.
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P><B>
BUGS
</B>
</P>
<P>If you don't specify the image width and height, the program will try to read the entire image to a memory buffer. If you
get a message that states that you are out of memory, try to specify the width and height on the command line. Also, the
-tb option consumes much memory.
</P>
<P><B>
SEE ALSO
</B>
</P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
pgm(5), rawtoppm(1), pnmflip(1)
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P><B>
AUTHORS
</B>
</P>
<P>Copyright" 1989 by Jef Poskanzer; modified June 1993 by Oliver Trepte
(oliver@fysik4.kth.se).
</P>
<P>15 June 1993
</P>
<H3><A NAME="ch01_ 345">
rawtoppm
</A></H3>
<P>rawtoppm—Convert raw RGB bytes into a portable pixmap
</P>
<P><B>
SYNOPSIS
</B>
</P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
rawtoppm[-headerskip N][-rowskip N][-rgb|-rbg|-grb |-gbr|-brg|-bgr ]
[-interpixel|-interrow] width height [imagedata]
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P><B>
DESCRIPTION
</B>
</P>
<P>rawtoppm reads raw RGB bytes as input and produces a portable pixmap as output. The input file is just RGB bytes. You
have to specify the width and height on the command line because the program obviously can't get them from the file. The
maxval is assumed to be 255. If the resulting image is upside down, run it through
pnmflip -tb.
</P>
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