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<a href="0107-0108.html">Previous</A> | <a href="../ewtoc.html">Table of Contents</A> | <a href="0111-0113.html">Next</A></CENTER></P>
<A NAME="PAGENUM-109"><P>Page 109</P></A>
<TABLE>
<TR><TD>
cbs=bytes
</TD><TD>
Convert bytes bytes at a time.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
skip=blocks
</TD><TD>
Skip blocks ibs-sized blocks at start of input.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
seek=blocks
</TD><TD>
Skip blocks obs-sized blocks at start of output.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
count=blocks
</TD><TD>
Copy only blocks ibs-sized input blocks.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
conv=conversion[,conversion...]
</TD><TD>
Convert the file as specified by the conversion arguments.
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>Conversions:</P>
<TABLE>
<TR><TD>
ascii
</TD><TD>
Convert EBCDIC to ASCII.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
ebcdic
</TD><TD>
Convert ASCII to EBCDIC.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
ibm
</TD><TD>
Convert ASCII to alternate EBCDIC.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
block
</TD><TD>
Pad newline-terminated records to size of
cbs, replacing newline with trailing spaces.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
unblock
</TD><TD>
Replace trailing spaces in cbs-sized block with newline.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
lcase
</TD><TD>
Change uppercase characters to lowercase.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
ucase
</TD><TD>
Change lowercase characters to uppercase.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
swab
</TD><TD>
Swap every pair of input bytes. Unlike the UNIX
dd, this works when an odd number of bytes are read. If the input file contains an odd number of bytes, the
last byte is simply copied (since there is nothing to swap it with).
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
noerror
</TD><TD>
Continue after read errors.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
notrunc
</TD><TD>
Do not truncate the output file.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
sync
</TD><TD>
Pad every input block to size of ibs with trailing NULLs.
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>
GNU File Utilities
</P>
<H3><A NAME="ch01_ 52">
depmod, modprobe
</A></H3>
<P>depmod, modprobe—Handle loadable modules automatically</P>
<P><B>
SYNOPSIS
</B></P>
<!-- CODE //-->
<PRE>
depmod [_a]
depmod module1.o module2.o ...
modprobe module.o [symbol=value ...]
modprobe _t tag pattern
modprobe _a _t tag pattern modprobe _l [ _t tag ] pattern
modprobe _r module
modprobe _c
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE //-->
<P><B>
DESCRIPTION
</B></P>
<P>These utilities are intended to make a Linux modular kernel manageable for all users, administrators, and
distribution maintainers.
</P>
<P>depmod creates a makefile-like dependency file, based on the symbols it finds in the set of modules mentioned on
the command line (or in a default place). This dependency file can later be used by
modprobe to automatically load the relevant module(s).
</P>
<P>modprobe is used to load a set of modules—either a single module, a stack of dependent modules, or all modules that
are marked with a specified tag.
</P>
<P>modprobe will automatically load all base modules needed in a module stack, as described by the dependency file
modules.dep. If the loading of one of these modules fails, the whole current stack of modules will be unloaded (by
rmmod) automatically.
</P>
<P>modprobe has two ways of loading modules. One way (the probe mode) will try to load a module out of a list (defined
by pattern). It stops loading as soon as one module load successfully. This can be used to autoload one Ethernet driver out of
a list, for example. The other way is to load all modules from a list. This can be used to load some modules at boot time.
</P>
<A NAME="PAGENUM-110"><P>Page 110</P></A>
<P>With the option -r, modprobe will automatically unload a stack of modules, similar to the way
rmmod -r does.
</P>
<P>Option -l combined with option -t lists all available modules of a certain type. An enhanced
mount command could use the command:
</P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
modprobe -l -t fs
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P>to get the list of all file system drivers available and on request load the proper one. So, the
mount command could become more generic as well. (The
kerneld solves this without changing the mount utility.)
</P>
<P>Option -c will print all configuration (default + configuration file).</P>
<P>The normal use of depmod is to include the line
/sbin/depmod -a in one of the rc-files in
/etc/rc.d, so that the correct module dependencies will be available immediately after booting the system.
</P>
<P>Option -d puts depmod in debug mode. It outputs all commands it is issuing.</P>
<P>Option -e outputs the list of unresolved symbol for each module, Normally,
depmod only outputs the list of unloadable modules.</P>
<P>Option -v outputs the list of all processed modules.</P>
<P>Modules may be located at different place in the filesystem, but there will always be some need to override this, especially
for module developers. We expect some official standard will emerge, defined by the FSSTND. Until that time, you might
as well use this suggested directory structure.
</P>
<P><B>
CONFIGURATION
</B></P>
<P>The behavior of depmod and modprobe can be adjusted by the (optional) configuration file
/etc/conf.modules.
</P>
<P>The configuration file consists of a set of lines. All empty lines, and all text on a line after a
#, will be ignored. Lines may be continued by ending the line with a
\. The remaining lines should all conform to one of the following formats:
</P>
<!-- CODE //-->
<PRE>
keep
parameter=value
options module symbol=value ...
alias module real_name
pre-install module command ...
install module command ...
post-install module command ...
pre-remove module command ...
remove module command ...
post-remove module command ...
parameter=value options module symbol=value ... alias module real_name
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE //-->
<P>All values in the parameter lines will be processed by a shell, which means that shell tricks like wildcards and
commands enclosed in backquotes can be used:
</P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
path[misc]=/lib/modules/1.1.5?/misc
path[net]=/lib/modules/'uname -r'/net
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P>Parameters may be repeated multiple times.</P>
<P>These are the legal parameters:</P>
<TABLE>
<TR><TD>
depfile=DEPFILE_PATH
</TD><TD>
This is the path to the dependency file that will be created by
depmod and used by modprobe.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
path=SOME_PATH
</TD><TD>
The path parameter specifies a directory to search for the modules.
</TD></TR><TR><TD>
path[tag]=SOME_PATH
</TD><TD>
The path parameter can carry an optional tag. This tells us a little more about the purpose of
the modules in this directory and allows some automated operations by
modprobe. The tag is appended to the path keyword enclosed in square brackets. If the tag is missing, the tag
misc is assumed. One very useful tag is boot, which can be used to mark all modules that should be loaded at boot time.
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>
If the configuration file /etc/conf.modules is missing, or if any parameter is not overridden, the following defaults
are assumed:
</P>
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