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<TITLE>Linux Configuration and Installation:Installing and Configuring XFree86</TITLE>

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<!--ISBN=1558285660//-->

<!--TITLE=Linux Configuration and Installation//-->

<!--AUTHOR=Patrick Volkerding//-->

<!--AUTHOR=Kevin Reichard//-->

<!--AUTHOR=Eric Foster//-->

<!--PUBLISHER=IDG Books Worldwide, Inc.//-->

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<P><BR></P>

<P>In our case, we use <B>xsetroot</B> to change the screen&#146;s background color and then launch <B>oclock</B>, a rounded clock, the <B>fvwm</B> window manager, and two <B>xterms</B>. No matter what, you need a window manager program, to control the display. The default window manager on Linux is called <B>fvwm</B> (see Figure 3.1) and you&#146;ll find it highly customizable.</P>

<P>X quits when the last program in the <B>.xinitrc</B> (system or local) stops. Often, this last program is preceded by an <B>exec</B> statement. When you quit this last program, X stops and you&#146;re back at the console. In our case, we use <B>fvwm</B> as this last&#151;key&#151;process, because you need a window manager running during your entire X session, making <B>fvwm</B> a natural for this last process.</P>

<P>All our customizations to the <B>.xinitrc</B> file fit into a few simple lines:</P>

<!-- CODE SNIP //-->

<PRE>

  # Start X applications

  xsetroot -solid bisque3

  /usr/bin/X11/oclock -geom 100x100&#43;0&#43;6   &#38;

  /usr/bin/X11/xterm -ls -geom 80x24&#43;3&#43;372 &#38;

  /usr/bin/X11/xterm -ls -geom 80x48&#43;264&#43;13 &#38;

  exec fvwm

</PRE>

<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->

<P>The full <B>.xinitrc</B> file will look something like the following:</P>

<!-- CODE //-->

<PRE>

  #!/bin/sh

  userresources=$HOME/.Xresources

  usermodmap=$HOME/.Xmodmap

  sysresources=/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xinit/.Xresources

  sysmodmap=/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xinit/.Xmodmap



  # merge in defaults and keymaps



  if [ -f $sysresources ]; then

     xrdb -merge $sysresources

  fi



  if [ -f $sysmodmap ]; then

     xmodmap $sysmodmap

  fi



  if [ -f $userresources ]; then

     xrdb -merge $userresources

  fi



  if [ -f $usermodmap ]; then

     xmodmap $usermodmap

  fi



  # start some nice programs

  xsetroot -solid SteelBlue



  # Changed lines are below.

  xterm -geom 80x32&#43;264&#43;0 -ls &#38;

  xterm -geom 80x32&#43;0&#43;250 -ls &#38;

  oclock -geom -7-7 &#38;

  exec fvwm

</PRE>

<!-- END CODE //-->

<P>If you don&#146;t set up a <B>.xinitrc</B> file and there is no system one, the default behavior is to create a single <B>xterm</B> window in the top-left corner of the screen. This <B>xterm</B> then becomes the key process, even if you later launch a window manager. When this <B>xterm</B> exits, X exits.</P>

<P>Chances are you can start with the above file and customize it to your needs later.</P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>Stopping X</B></FONT></P>

<P>To stop X in the no <B>.xinitrc</B> file configuration, you need to find the <B>xterm</B> window that started out in the upper-left corner (you might have moved it) and exit it. You&#146;ll soon be out of X and back to the boring old terminal mode.</P>

<P>If you use a <B>.xinitrc</B> file, simply exit the window manager to exit X. Normally, you can exit the window manager from a menu called up by placing the mouse over an empty area of the screen and holding down the leftmost mouse button. If this doesn&#146;t work, try any and all mouse buttons.</P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>Tuning Your Modes</B></FONT></P>

<P>It&#146;s likely that the default mode in the <B>XF86Config</B> file will specify a 640-by-480 resolution. Chances are your hardware supports much higher resolutions. While running X, you can press <B>Ctrl-Alt-Keypad-&#43;</B> to switch to the next mode in the <B>XF86Config</B> file.</P>

<P>This is very useful, because the way X comes up may not look like a normal screen. If this is the case, try switching modes to see if things get better.</P>

<P>You can also change the <B>XF86Config</B> file to start up in the best mode. Look for the Screen section in your <B>XF86Config</B> file. You&#146;ll want to change the modes line from something like:</P>

<!-- CODE SNIP //-->

<PRE>

  Modes "640x480" "800x600" "1024x768"

</PRE>

<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->

<P>to

</P>

<!-- CODE SNIP //-->

<PRE>

  Modes "1024x768" "800x600" "640x480"

</PRE>

<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->

<P>Note that we merely put the best mode first. This makes XFree86 start up in 1024-by-768-pixel-resolution mode, a much nicer display mode, especially for X. Before doing this, though, make sure that all graphics modes work by using <B>Ctrl-Alt-Keypad-&#43;</B> while X is running. Ensure that each change results in a valid display.</P>

<H4 ALIGN="LEFT"><A NAME="Heading22"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">VGA to the Rescue</FONT></H4>

<P>If all the preceding methods have failed, you may want to fall back on VGA, just to get X up and running. This is presuming, of course, that you don&#146;t have a plain old Super VGA card, for which the Super VGA modes would be most appropriate. Instead, the theory is that if you can&#146;t get your super-duper card to run X in its super-duper accelerated mode, maybe you can get it running in plain old VGA. Most PC graphics boards support the VGA modes, so this method, while it won&#146;t take advantage of the power of your graphics card, may at least allow you to run X if you can&#146;t so far.

</P>

<P>In the next section, we&#146;ll show how to get a generic VGA file built. This step is usually much quicker than getting the file properly built for your graphics hardware.</P>

<BLOCKQUOTE>

<P><FONT SIZE="-1"><HR><B>WARNING:&nbsp;&nbsp;</B>Setting up XFree86 incorrectly can harm your system hardware, so watch out.<HR></FONT>

</BLOCKQUOTE>

<H4 ALIGN="LEFT"><A NAME="Heading23"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">Using the Default Super VGA</FONT></H4>

<P>In this section, we discuss using the sample Super VGA <B>XF86Config</B> file that comes with XFree86. You should always set up the <B>XF86Config</B> file for your exact hardware configuration. We only mention this technique because setting up X can prove to be nearly impossible. It is always best to set up X for your hardware. Remember, you were warned.</P>

<P>The first thing to do is find the example <B>XF86Config</B> file that comes with XFree86. This file, usually named <B>XF86Config.eg</B> and stored in <B>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11</B>, has the default mode for a 640-by-480-pixel Super VGA device. Most PC graphics boards support this mode, so you might be in luck.</P>

<P>Copy the <B>XF86Config.eg</B> file and edit it. You&#146;ll need to add the data about your mouse and monitor. In fact, the more you can fill in, the better. When you&#146;re done, you can copy this file to <B>XF86Config</B> and start up X. If you do use the Super VGA example file, you must use this X server. (Unless you have an Accel screen section set up, none of the accelerated X servers will work.)</P>

<P>Remember that running X this way may damage your hardware (don&#146;t say we didn&#146;t warn you). The only reason you want to run in a lower-resolution mode is if all else fails.</P>

<P>Again, it&#146;s best to configure X for <I>your</I> hardware. Only try the Super VGA mode if you have a card for which all else fails (unless, of course, your graphics card is a Super VGA card and the <B>XF86_SVGA</B> program is the appropriate X server).</P>

<P>If you&#146;re still having problems with X, you may want to look for extra help on the Internet.</P><P><BR></P>

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