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linux-unix130.linux.and.unix.ebooks130 linux and unix ebookslinuxLearning Linux - Collection of 12 E

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<A NAME="I0"></A>



<H2>Linux System Administrator's Survival Guide lsgxa.htm</H2>



<P ALIGN=LEFT>



















<HR ALIGN=CENTER>



<P>



<UL>



<UL>



<UL>



<LI>



<A HREF="#E68E246" >FTP Sites</A>



<UL>



<LI>



<A HREF="#E69E267" >What Is FTP?</A>



<LI>



<A HREF="#E69E268" > Connecting and Downloading Files with FTP</A>



<LI>



<A HREF="#E69E269" >Using ftpmail</A>



<LI>



<A HREF="#E69E270" >Linux FTP Archive Sites</A></UL>



<LI>



<A HREF="#E68E247" >Bulletin Boards</A>



<UL>



<LI>



<A HREF="#E69E271" >LINUX-related BBSs</A>



<UL>



<LI>



<A HREF="#E70E11" >United States BBSs</A>



<LI>



<A HREF="#E70E12" >Outside of the United States</A></UL></UL>



<LI>



<A HREF="#E68E248" >USENET Newsgroups</A></UL></UL></UL>



<HR ALIGN=CENTER>



<A NAME="E66E54"></A>



<H1 ALIGN=CENTER>



<CENTER>



<FONT SIZE=6 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Appendix A</B></FONT></CENTER></H1>



<BR>



<A NAME="E67E57"></A>



<H2 ALIGN=CENTER>



<CENTER>



<FONT SIZE=6 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Linux FTP Sites and Newsgroups</B></FONT></CENTER></H2>



<BR>



<P>If you have access to the Internet, either directly or through an online service provider such as CompuServe, Delphi, or America Online, you can access additional sources of Linux software and information. Two popular sources of Linux software and help are available, one through FTP and the other through Linux-specific USENET newsgroups.



<BR>



<P>If you don't have access to the Internet, you may still be able to get some of the information available through other sources, such as Bulletin Board Systems (BBSs) and CD-ROMs published by companies specializing in redistributing public domain material.



<BR>



<BR>



<A NAME="E68E246"></A>



<H3 ALIGN=CENTER>



<CENTER>



<FONT SIZE=5 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>FTP Sites</B></FONT></CENTER></H3>



<BR>



<P>FTP is a method of accessing remote systems and downloading files. It is quite easy to use and provides users who have Internet access with a fast method for updating their list of binaries.



<BR>



<P>For those without FTP access but who can use electronic mail through the Internet, the utility ftpmail can provide access to these FTP sites.



<BR>



<BR>



<A NAME="E69E267"></A>



<H4 ALIGN=CENTER>



<CENTER>



<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>What Is FTP?</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>



<BR>



<P><I>File Transfer Protocol</I> (FTP) is one protocol in the TCP/IP family of protocols. TCP/IP is used extensively as the communications protocol of the Internet, as well as in many Local Area Networks (LANs). UNIX systems almost always use TCP/IP as their protocol.



<BR>



<P>FTP is used to transfer files between machines running TCP/IP. FTP-like programs are also available for some other protocols.



<BR>



<P>To use FTP, both ends of a connection must be running a program that provides FTP services. To download a file from a remote system, you must start your FTP software and instruct it to connect to the FTP software running on the remote machine.



<BR>



<P>The Internet has many FTP <I>archive sites</I>. These are machines that are set up to allow anyone to connect to them and download software. In some cases, there are FTP archive sites that mirror each other. A <I>mirror site</I> is one that maintains exactly the same software as another site, so you simply connect to the one that is easiest for you to access, and you have the same software available for downloading as if you had connected to the other site.



<BR>



<P>Usually, when you connect to a remote system, you must log in. This means that you must be a valid user, with a username and password for that remote machine. Because it is impossible to provide logins for everyone who wants to access a public archive, many systems use anonymous FTP. <I>Anonymous FTP</I> enables anyone to log into the system with the login name of guest or anonymous and either no password or the user's login name or e-mail address (used for auditing purposes only).



<BR>



<BR>



<A NAME="E69E268"></A>



<H4 ALIGN=CENTER>



<CENTER>



<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B> Connecting and Downloading Files with FTP</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>



<BR>



<P>Using FTP to connect to a remote site is quite easy. Assuming that you have access to the Internet either directly or through a service provider, you must start FTP and provide the name of the remote system to which you want to connect. If you are directly connected to the Internet, the process is simple: you enter the ftp command with the name of the remote site:



<BR>



<BR>



<PRE>



<FONT COLOR="#000080">ftp sunsite.unc.edu</FONT></PRE>



<P>If you are using an online service, such as Delphi, you must access its Internet services menus and invoke FTP from that. Some online services enable you to enter the name of any FTP site at a prompt, whereas others have some menus that list all available sites. You may have to hunt through the online documentation for your service provider to find the correct procedure.



<BR>



<P>After you issue the ftp command, your system will attempt to connect to the remote machine. When it does (if the remote system allows FTP logins), the remote will prompt you for a user ID. If anonymous FTP is supported on the system, a message will usually tell you that. The following login is shown for the Linux FTP archive site sunsite.unc.edu:



<BR>



<PRE>



<FONT COLOR="#000080">ftp sunsite.unc.edu



331 Guest login ok, send your complete e-mail address as password.



Enter username (default: anonymous): anonymous



Enter password [[e-mail]]:



|FTP| Open



230- WELCOME to UNC and SUN's anonymous ftp server



230- University of North Carolina



230- Office FOR Information Technology



230- SunSITE.unc.edu



230 Guest login ok, access restrictions apply.



FTP&gt;</FONT></PRE>



<P>After the login process is completed, you will see the prompt FTP&gt;, indicating that the system is ready to accept commands. When you log in to some systems, you see a short message that might contain instructions for downloading files, any restrictions that are placed on you as an anonymous FTP user, or information about the location of useful files. For example, you might see messages like this one:



<BR>



<PRE>



<FONT COLOR="#000080">To get a binary file, type: BINARY and then: GET &quot;File.Name&quot; newfilename



To get a text file, type: ASCII and then: GET &quot;File.Name&quot; newfilename



Names MUST match upper, lower case exactly. Use the &quot;quotes&quot; as shown.



To get a directory, type: DIR. To change directory, type: CD &quot;Dir.Name&quot;



To read a short text file, type: GET &quot;File.Name&quot; TT



For more, type HELP or see FAQ in gopher.



To quit, type EXIT or Control-Z.



230- If you email to [e-mail] you will be sent help information



230- about how to use the different services sunsite provides.



230- We use the Wuarchive experimental ftpd. if you &quot;get&quot; &lt;directory&gt;.tar.Z



230- or &lt;file&gt;.Z it will compress and/or tar it on the fly. Using &quot;.gz&quot; instead



230- of &quot;.Z&quot; will use the GNU zip (/pub/gnu/gzip*) instead, a superior



230- compression method.</FONT></PRE>



<P>After you are connected to the remote system, you can use familiar Linux commands to display file contents and move around the directories. To display the contents of a directory, for example, use the command ls or the DOS equivalent DIR. To change to a subdirectory, use the cd command. To return to the parent directory (the one above the current directory), use the command cdup or cd ... FTP has no keyboard shortcuts, so you have to type in the name of files or directories in their entirety.



<BR>



<P>When you have moved through the directories and have found a file you want to move back to your home system, use the get command:



<BR>



<BR>



<PRE>



<FONT COLOR="#000080">get &quot;file1.txt&quot;</FONT></PRE>



<P>The commands get (download) and put (upload) are relative to your home machine. You are telling your system to get a file from the remote location and put it on your local machine, or to put a file from your local machine onto the remote machine. This is the exact opposite of another commonly used TCP/IP protocol, telnet, which has everything relative to the remote machine. It is important to remember which command moves in which direction, or you could overwrite files accidentally.



<BR>



<P>The quotation marks around the filename are optional for most versions of FTP, but they do provide specific characters to the remote version (preventing shell expansion), so you should use the quotation marks to avoid mistakes. FTP provides two modes of file transfer: ASCII and binary. Some systems will automatically switch between the two, but it is a good idea to set the mode manually to ensure that you don't waste time. To set FTP in binary transfer mode (for any executable file), type the following command:



<BR>



<BR>



<PRE>



<FONT COLOR="#000080">binary</FONT></PRE>



<P>You can toggle back to ASCII mode with the command ASCII. Because you will most likely be checking remote sites for new binaries or libraries of source code, it is a good idea to use binary mode for most transfers. If you transfer a binary file in ASCII mode, it will not be executable (or understandable) on your system. ASCII mode includes only the valid ASCII characters and not the Ctrl-key sequences used within binaries. Transferring an ASCII file in binary mode does not affect the contents, although spurious noise may cause a problem in rare instances.



<BR>



<P>When you issue a get command, the remote system will transfer data to your local machine and display a status message when it is finished. There is no indication of progress when a large file is being transferred, so be patient.



<BR>



<PRE>



<FONT COLOR="#000080">FTP&gt; get &quot;file1.txt&quot;



200 PORT command successful.



150 BINARY data connection for FILE1.TXT (27534 bytes)



226 BINARY Transfer complete.



27534 bytes received in 2.35 seconds (12 Kbytes/s).</FONT></PRE>



<P>To quit FTP, type the command quit or exit. Either will close your session on the remote machine, then terminate FTP on your local machine.



<BR>



<BR>



<A NAME="E69E269"></A>



<H4 ALIGN=CENTER>



<CENTER>



<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Using ftpmail</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>



<BR>



<P>If you don't have access to a remote site through FTP, all is not lost. If you have electronic mail, you can still get files transferred to you. Some online systems allow Internet mail to be sent and received but do not allow direct access to FTP. Similarly, some Internet service providers offer UUCP accounts that do not allow direct connection but do provide e-mail. To get to FTP sites and transfer files, you use the ftpmail utility.



<BR>



<P>The site mentioned earlier, sunsite.unc.edu, is a major Linux archive site that supports ftpmail. All of the sites listed in this Appendix as Linux FTP sites also support ftpmail. To find out how to use ftpmail, send an e-mail message to the login ftpmail at one of the sites, such as [e-mail], and have the body of the message contain only one word: help.



<BR>



<P>By return mail, the ftpmail utility will send instructions for using the service. Essentially, you send the body of the ftp commands you want executed in a mail message, so you could get back a directory listing of the Linux directory in a mail message with this text:



<BR>



<PRE>



<FONT COLOR="#000080">open sunsite.unc.edu



cd /pub/Linux



ls



quit</FONT></PRE>



<P>You could transfer a file back through e-mail with a similar mail message:



<BR>



<PRE>



<FONT COLOR="#000080">open sunsite.unc.edu



cd /pub/Linux



binary



get README



quit</FONT></PRE>



<P>The ftpmail system is relatively slow, as you must wait for the e-mail to make its way to the target machine and be processed by the remote, then for the return message to make its way back to you. It does provide a useful access method for those without FTP connections, though, and a relatively easy way to check the contents of the Linux directories on several machines.



<BR>



<BR>



<A NAME="E69E270"></A>



<H4 ALIGN=CENTER>



<CENTER>



<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Linux FTP Archive Sites</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>



<BR>



<P>The list of Linux FTP archive sites changes slowly, but the sites listed in Table A.1 were all valid and reachable when this book was written. Many of these sites are mirror sites, providing exactly the same contents.



<BR>



<P>To find the site nearest you, use the country identifier at the end of the site name (uk=United Kingdom, fr=France, and so on). Most versions of FTP allow either the machine name or the IP address to be used, but if the name cannot be resolved by the local Internet gateway, the IP address is the best addressing method.



<BR>



<BR>



<P ALIGN=CENTER>



<CENTER>



<FONT COLOR="#000080"><B>Table A.1. Linux FTP archive sites.</B></FONT></CENTER>



<BR>







<TABLE  BORDERCOLOR=#000040 BORDER=1 CELLSPACING=2 WIDTH="100%" CELLPADDING=2 >



<TR>



<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>



Site name



</FONT>



<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>



IP Address



</FONT>



<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>



Directory</FONT>



<TR>



<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>



<A HREF="ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu">tsx-11.mit.edu</A>



</FONT>



<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>



18.172.1.2



</FONT>



<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>



/pub/linux</FONT>



<TR>



<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>



<A HREF="ftp://sunsite.unc.edu">sunsite.unc.edu</A>



</FONT>



<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>



152.2.22.81



</FONT>



<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>



/pub/Linux</FONT>



<TR>



<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>



<A HREF="ftp://nic.funet.fi">nic.funet.fi</A>(Finland)



</FONT>



<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>



128.214.6.100



</FONT>



<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>



/pub/OS/Linux</FONT>



<TR>



<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>



<A HREF="ftp://ftp.mcc.ac.uk">ftp.mcc.ac.uk</A>(U.K.)



</FONT>



<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>



130.88.200.7



</FONT>



<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>



/pub/linux</FONT>



<TR>



<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>



<A HREF="ftp://fgbl.fgb.mw.tu-muenchen.de">fgbl.fgb.mw.tu-muenchen.de</A>(Denmark)



</FONT>



<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>



129.187.200.1



</FONT>



<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>



/pub/linux</FONT>



<TR>



<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>



<A HREF="ftp://ftp.infdrrnatik.twmuenchen.de">ftp.infdrrnatik.twmuenchen.de</A>(Denmark)



</FONT>



<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>



131.159.0.110



</FONT>



<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>



/pub/Linux</FONT>



<TR>



<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>



<A HREF="ftp://ftp.dfv.rwth-aachen.de">ftp.dfv.rwth-aachen.de</A>(Denmark)



</FONT>



<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>



137.226.4.105



</FONT>



<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>



/pub/linux</FONT>



<TR>



<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>



<A HREF="ftp://ftp.informatik.rwth-aachen.de">ftp.informatik.rwth-aachen.de</A>(Denmark)



</FONT>



<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>



137.226.112.172



</FONT>



<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>



/pub/Linux</FONT>



<TR>



<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>



<A HREF="ftp://ftp.ibp.fr">ftp.ibp.fr</A>(France)



</FONT>



<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>



132.227.60.2



</FONT>



<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>



/pub/linux</FONT>



<TR>



<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>



<A HREF="ftp://kirk.bu.oz.au">kirk.bu.oz.au</A>(Australia)



</FONT>



<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>



131.244.1.1