📄 appendix-a.html
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<PRE>
<B>D:\images\supp.img</B>
</PRE>
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<DD><B>6.</B> Repeat step 4. When <TT>rawrite</TT> finishes, remove your supplemental boot disk.
</DL>
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#0000" ALIGN="CENTER">
<TR><TD><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>Backup, backup, backup!</B></FONT>
<BR>Before you use <TT>fips</TT>, make sure to make a copy of any important files. Carefully read the <TT>fips</TT> documentation, in the file <TT>fips.doc</TT> under the <TT>dosutils/fipsdocs</TT> directory on your Red Hat Linux CD-ROM. You have been warned!</TABLE>
<H3><A NAME="Heading6"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">Making Room for Linux</FONT></H3>
<P>To install Linux, you must make space on your existing hard drive. This section outlines the basic steps to do this, but before you begin, you should thoroughly read the documentation for the <TT>fips</TT> command, found under the <TT>dosutils</TT> directory on your Red Hat CD-ROM.</P>
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#0000" ALIGN="CENTER">
<TR><TD><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>Linux installs in two stages</B></FONT>
<BR>The installation process occurs in two stages. In the first stage, you tell the installation program some basic information about your computer and where to find the installation files. The second stage performs the rest of the installation.</TABLE>
<P>The <TT>fips</TT> command will create free space on your hard drive. But before you can begin, you should first defragment your hard drive. We’ll show you how to do this for Windows 95.</P>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>Defragmenting your hard drive in Windows 95</I></B></FONT></P>
<DL>
<DD><B>1.</B> Move your mouse pointer to My Computer on the desktop, and open the folder by double-clicking with the left mouse button.
<DD><B>2.</B> Move your mouse pointer to your primary drive, press the right mouse button, and drag down to select the Properties menu item.
<DD><B>3.</B> The properties dialog box will appear. Press the Tools tab at the top of the dialog box to show the disk tools, as shown in Figure A.1.
<P><A NAME="Fig1"></A><A HREF="javascript:displayWindow('images/apa-01.jpg',365,170 )"><IMG SRC="images/apa-01t.jpg"></A>
<BR><A HREF="javascript:displayWindow('images/apa-01.jpg',365,170)"><FONT COLOR="#000077"><B>Figure A.1</B></FONT></A> Defragment your hard drive before using <TT>fips</TT>.
</P>
<DD><B>4.</B> Click on the Defragment Now button to defragment your drive. Windows 95 might inform you that your drive does not need to be defragmented, as shown in Figure A.2. Click on the Start button with your left mouse button anyway to defragment your drive.
<P><A NAME="Fig2"></A><A HREF="javascript:displayWindow('images/apa-02.jpg',367,419 )"><IMG SRC="images/apa-02t.jpg"></A>
<BR><A HREF="javascript:displayWindow('images/apa-02.jpg',367,419)"><FONT COLOR="#000077"><B>Figure A.2</B></FONT></A> Ignore Windows 95 and defragment your hard drive before using <TT>fips</TT>.
</P>
<DD><B>5.</B> Click on the OK button at the bottom of the Properties dialog box to finish.
</DL>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>Creating room for Linux with <I>fips</I>
</I></B></FONT></P>
<DL>
<DD><B>1.</B> The first step in making room on your hard drive for Linux is to create a boot disk with the <TT>fips</TT> program. Insert a blank disk into your floppy drive. At the DOS prompt, format and make a bootable disk using the <TT>format</TT> command’s <TT>S</TT> option:
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<PRE>
<B>format /S a:</B>
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<DD><B>2.</B> After the format command finishes, copy the <TT>fips</TT> program to the bootable disk (assuming that your CD-ROM is in the D: drive):
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<PRE>
<B>copy d:\dosutils\fips.exe a:</B>
</PRE>
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<DD><B>3.</B> Also copy the <TT>fdisk</TT> and <TT>format</TT> commands to your bootable floppy:
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<PRE>
<B>copy c:\windows\command\format.com a:</B>
<B>copy c:\windows\command\fdisk.exe a:</B>
</PRE>
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<DD><B>4.</B> Restart your computer. Start <TT>fips</TT> from the DOS command line:
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<PRE>
<B>fips</B>
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<DD><B>5.</B> Press Enter to start <TT>fips</TT>. The program will check your hard drive and then present a table showing the existing partition. After using your cursor keys to size your new partition, press Enter.
<DD><B>6.</B> The program will then check your drive and display a new partition table. Press the <B>c</B> key. Then at the <TT>fips</TT> prompt, press the <B>y</B> key to save your changes and exit.
</DL>
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#0000" ALIGN="CENTER">
<TR><TD><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>No boot prompt?</B></FONT>
<BR>If you didn’t get to this first screen, or if you received an error message, there might be something wrong with the floppy image. The most common causes are that the floppy disk had a bad sector, or that the floppy drive hardware has some sort of problem using the floppy. You need to re-create the boot floppy following the instructions at the beginning of this chapter.</TABLE>
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#0000" ALIGN="CENTER">
<TR><TD><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>Moving from option to option</B></FONT>
<BR>When choosing from options on the screen, you can use Tab to move the selection. If you overshoot your selection, you can either press Alt+Tab to back up, or continue pressing Tab to wrap around to the other choices.</TABLE>
<H3><A NAME="Heading7"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">Beginning the Linux Installation</FONT></H3>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>Starting the installation</I></B></FONT></P>
<DL>
<DD><B>1.</B> To begin the Linux installation, insert the boot disk into the floppy drive and restart your computer. The machine should go through the normal process of booting from a floppy and then come to a screen with a <TT>boot:</TT> prompt.
<DD><B>2.</B> This initial screen contains helpful tips about starting the install and allows access to some initial help screens before the boot process. To access these help screens, press one of the following function keys, which are listed at the bottom of the screen. There is a short delay as the data is read from the floppy drive.
<TABLE WIDTH="90%">
<TR>
<TH WIDTH="30%" ALIGN="LEFT">Function Key
<TH WIDTH="70%" ALIGN="LEFT">Result
<TR>
<TD><TT>F1 Main screen</TT>
<TD>The one you initially saw at startup.
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><TT>F2 General</TT>
<TD>Some general tips on what the boot process does.
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><TT>F3 Expert</TT>
<TD>This screen explains the <TT>expert</TT> mode. This mode disables most of the autoprobing and autodetection.
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><TT>F4 Rescue</TT>
<TD>This mode enables you to help repair a damaged system. You need both the boot and supplemental floppies for this mode.
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><TT>F5 Kickstart</TT>
<TD>The <TT>kickstart</TT> is an advanced mode that uses a preconfigured text file. The use of kickstart mode is beyond the scope of this tutorial but is documented on the CD-ROM.
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><TT>F6 Kernel</TT>
<TD>A help screen on some options that you can pass to the kernel at boot time.
</TABLE>
<DD><B>3.</B> You can now type any options you require at the boot prompt. Press Enter to start the install. If you do not type anything or press any function key, the install automatically begins after one minute.
<BR>After pressing Enter, you should see the following output:
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<PRE>
Loading initrd.img....................
Loading vmlinuz...........
Uncompressing Linux.......
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<BR>If the disk activity stops, and the initial screen doesn’t appear, hardware problems or incompatibility are likely culprits.
</DL>
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#0000" ALIGN="CENTER">
<TR><TD><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>CD-ROM problem?</B></FONT>
<BR>If you have an IDE CD and it wasn’t detected, you’ll need to restart the install and at the very first screen give the kernel a special option to point out where the drive is:
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<PRE>
boot: linux hdX=cdrom
Where hdX =
Channel Jumper hdx
=========================
ide0 master hda
ide0 slave hdb
ide1 master hdc
ide1 slave hdd
ide0 = primary channel
ide1 = secondary channel
</PRE>
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</TABLE>
<H3><A NAME="Heading8"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">The First Installation Stage</FONT></H3>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>Proceeding with the installation</I></B></FONT></P>
<DL>
<DD><B>1.</B> After a moment of floppy disk activity, you should see a black-and-white screen asking whether you are using a color monitor, shown in Figure A.3. This is the beginning of the first stage of the installation process. First, you set up some basic hardware, and the install attempts to find the installation media.
<P><A NAME="Fig3"></A><A HREF="javascript:displayWindow('images/apa-03.jpg',576,328 )"><IMG SRC="images/apa-03t.jpg"></A>
<BR><A HREF="javascript:displayWindow('images/apa-03.jpg',576,328)"><FONT COLOR="#000077"><B>Figure A.3</B></FONT></A> Selecting the type of monitor you have.</P>
<DD><B>2.</B> The default choice on the first screen is <TT>Yes</TT>; you should see a blinking cursor or highlight near the <TT>Yes</TT>. If you see the cursor or highlight option, press Enter and continue to the next step. This walkthrough assumes that you have a color monitor.
<DD><B>3.</B> The next screen is a welcome screen, stating that the Red Hat installation guide also details the installation process. If you’re ready to begin the install, press Enter.
<DD><B>4.</B> The next screen, shown in Figure A.4, asks you to select the keyboard type you are using. If, after you have installed Linux, you want to change to a different keyboard type, the command <TT>/usr/sbin/kbdconfig</TT> can be used to change the keyboard type.
<P><A NAME="Fig4"></A><A HREF="javascript:displayWindow('images/apa-04.jpg',294,234 )"><IMG SRC="images/apa-04t.jpg"></A>
<BR><A HREF="javascript:displayWindow('images/apa-04.jpg',294,234)"><FONT COLOR="#000077"><B>Figure A.4</B></FONT></A> Selecting the keyboard.</P>
<DD><B>5.</B> Most choices on this screen are for language-specific keyboards. The typical United States PC keyboard is the default choice. You can select a different choice using the arrow up and arrow down keys. To the right of the screen, you should notice a scrollbar with a <TT>#</TT> mark. This mark indicates that there are more types of keyboards than can be shown on the screen at present.
<BR>After selecting the keyboard for your machine, Tab over to the OK button and press Enter.
<DD><B>6.</B> Next, the program searches for a PCMCIA chipset in your computer. If a known PCMCIA chipset is found, then you are asked to insert the supplemental floppy. When you have done this, you can select OK, and the program loads additional drivers from the floppy. If no known PCMCIA chipset is found, then the program quietly goes on to the next step of the install.
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P><FONT SIZE="-1"><HR><B>SEE ALSO</B><BR>• For more details about adding PC cards to use with Linux, see page 134.<HR></FONT>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<DD><B>7.</B> The next screen, shown in Figure A.5, asks which kind of install you want to attempt. Four methods can be used (see Table A.2). This section details installation only from a CD-ROM and a hard drive.
</DL>
<P><A NAME="Fig5"></A><A HREF="javascript:displayWindow('images/apa-05.jpg',280,221 )"><IMG SRC="images/apa-05t.jpg"></A>
<BR><A HREF="javascript:displayWindow('images/apa-05.jpg',280,221)"><FONT COLOR="#000077"><B>Figure A.5</B></FONT></A> Indicating where the installation files are located.</P>
<TABLE WIDTH="100%">
<CAPTION ALIGN=LEFT><B>TABLE A.2</B> The four installation methods
<TR>
<TH COLSPAN="2"><HR>
<TR>
<TH WIDTH="25%" ALIGN="LEFT">Method
<TH WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="LEFT">Description
<TR>
<TD COLSPAN="2"><HR>
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP">Local CD-ROM
<TD>The default method of installing Linux to your hard drive. This method does not use the supplemental floppy.
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP">Hard Drive
<TD>If you are unable to install from the CD-ROM, then you need to copy the \RedHat\ directory tree over to a FAT16 (DOS) partition on your hard drive. This method then loads the supplemental floppy and continues with the install.
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP">NFS
<TD>This method enables you to install from an NFS server (a type of network file system).
<TR>
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