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<!--ISBN=0789716232//-->
<!--TITLE=Using Linux//-->
<!--AUTHOR=William Ball//-->
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<TD><A HREF="ewtoc.html">Table of Contents</A></TD>
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<P><BR></P>
<H2><A NAME="Heading1"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">Glossary</FONT></H2>
<P>This is a fairly extensive glossary of terms that are related to the UNIX environment and their definitions. All the authors of this book contributed to this section.
</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P><FONT SIZE="-1"><HR><B>Note: </B>The language of the computer field is constantly expanding. If you cannot find a word in this glossary, it is because it is newer than anything the authors knew about or the authors decided is was so obvious that “everyone should already know it.”<HR></FONT>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<DL>
<DT><B><TT>#</TT>
</B>
<DD>Octothorpe.
<DT><B><TT>$HOME</TT>
</B>
<DD>Environment variable that points to your login directory.
<DT><B><TT>$PATH</TT>
</B>
<DD>Pathname environment variable.
<DT><B><TT>$PATH</TT>
</B>
<DD>The shell environment variable that contains a set of directories to be searched for UNIX commands.
<DT><B><TT>.1</TT>
</B>
<DD>Files with this extension contain manual page entries. The actual extension can be any value between <TT>1</TT> and <TT>9</TT> and can have an alphabetic suffix (<TT>.3x</TT>, <TT>.7</TT>, and so on).
<DT><B><TT>.ag</TT>
</B>
<DD>Applixware graphics file.
<DT><B><TT>.as</TT>
</B>
<DD>Applixware spreadsheet file.
<DT><B><TT>.aw</TT>
</B>
<DD>Applixware word processing file.
<DT><B><TT>.bmp</TT>
</B>
<DD>Bitmap graphics file.
<DT><B><TT>.c</TT>
</B>
<DD>C source file.
<DT><B><TT>.C</TT>
</B>
<DD>C++ source file.
<DT><B><TT>.cc</TT>
</B>
<DD>C++ source file.
<DT><B><TT>.conf</TT>
</B>
<DD>Configuration file.
<DT><B><TT>.cxx</TT>
</B>
<DD>C++ source file.
<DT><B><TT>.db</TT>
</B>
<DD>Database file.
<DT><B><TT>.dvi</TT>
</B>
<DD>Device-independent TeX output.
<DT><B><TT>.gif</TT>
</B>
<DD>GIF graphics file.
<DT><B><TT>.gz</TT>
</B>
<DD>File compressed using the GNU <TT>gzip</TT> utility.
<DT><B><TT>.h</TT>
</B>
<DD>C header file.
<DT><B><TT>.html</TT>
</B>
<DD>HTML document.
<DT><B><TT>.jpg</TT>
</B>
<DD>JPEG graphics file.
<DT><B><TT>.m</TT>
</B>
<DD>Objective C source file.
<DT><B><TT>.o</TT>
</B>
<DD>Compiled object file.
<DT><B><TT>.p</TT>
</B>
<DD>Pascal language source file.
<DT><B><TT>.pbm</TT>
</B>
<DD>Portable bitmap graphics file.
<DT><B><TT>.pdf</TT>
</B>
<DD>Adobe Acrobat file.
<DT><B><TT>.ps</TT>
</B>
<DD>PostScript file
<DT><B><TT>.s</TT>
</B>
<DD>Assembler file.
<DT><B><TT>.tar</TT>
</B>
<DD><TT>tar</TT> file.
<DT><B><TT>.tgz</TT>
</B>
<DD>Gzipped <TT>tar</TT> file.
<DT><B><TT>.tif</TT>
</B>
<DD>TIFF graphics file.
<DT><B><TT>.txt</TT>
</B>
<DD>Text document.
<DT><B><TT>.Z</TT>
</B>
<DD>File compressedusing the <TT>compress</TT> command.
<DT><B><TT>/</TT>
</B>
<DD>Root directory.
<DT><B><TT>/dev</TT>
</B>
<DD>Device directory.
<DT><B><TT>/dev/null</TT> file
</B>
<DD>The place to send output that you are not interested in seeing; also the place to get input from when you have none (but the program or command requires something). This is also known as the <I>bit bucket</I> (where old bits go to die).
<DT><B><TT>/dev/printer</TT>
</B>
<DD>Socket for local print requests.
<DT><B><TT>/etc/cshrc</TT> file
</B>
<DD>The file containing shell environment characteristics common to all users that use the C Shell.
<DT><B><TT>/etc/group</TT> file
</B>
<DD>This file contains information about groups, the users they contain, and passwords required for access by other users. The password might actually be in another file, the shadow group file, to protect it from attacks.
<DT><B><TT>/etc/inittab</TT> file
</B>
<DD>The file that contains a list of active terminal ports for which UNIX will issue the login prompt. This also contains a list of background processes for UNIX to initialize. Some versions of UNIX use other files, such as <TT>/etc/tty</TT>.
<DT><B><TT>/etc/motd</TT> file
</B>
<DD>Message of the day file; usually contains information the system administrator feels is important for you to know. This file is displayed when the user signs on the system.
<DT><B><TT>/etc/passwd</TT> file
</B>
<DD>Contains user information and password. The password might actually be in another file, the shadow password file, to protect it from attacks.
<DT><B><TT>/etc/profile</TT>
</B>
<DD>The file containing shell environment characteristics common to all users of the Bourne and Korn shells.
<DT><B><TT>/usr/local</TT>
</B>
<DD>Locally developed public executables directory.
<DT><B><TT>/var/spool</TT>
</B>
<DD>Various spool directories.
<DT><B><TT>[]</TT>
</B>
<DD>Brackets.
<DT><B><TT>{}</TT>
</B>
<DD>Braces.
<DT><B><TT>ANSI</TT>
</B>
<DD>American National Standards Institute.
<DT><B><TT>API</TT>
</B>
<DD>Application Program Interface—The specific method prescribed by a computer operating system, application, or third-party tool by which a programmer writing an application program can make requests of the operating system. Also known as Application Programmer’s Interface.
<DT><B><TT>ar</TT>
</B>
<DD>Archive utility.
<DT><B><TT>arguments</TT>
</B>
<DD>See <TT>parameters.</TT>
<DT><B><TT>ARPA</TT>
</B>
<DD>See <TT>DARPA</TT>.
<DT><B><TT>ASCII</TT>
</B>
<DD>American Standard Code for Information Interchange. Used to represent characters in memory for most computers.
<DT><B><TT>AT&T UNIX</TT>
</B>
<DD>Original version of UNIX developed at AT&T Bell Labs, later known as UNIX Systems Laboratories. Many current versions of UNIX are descendants; even BSD UNIX was derived from early AT&T UNIX.
<DT><B><TT>attribute</TT>
</B>
<DD>The means of describing objects. The attributes for a ball might be rubber, red, 3 cm in diameter. The behavior of the ball might be how high it bounces when thrown. Attribute is another name for the data contained within an object (class).
<DT><B><TT>awk</TT>
</B>
<DD>Programming language developed by A.V. Aho, P.J. Weinberger, and Brian W. Kernighan. The language is built on C syntax, includes the regular expression search facilities of <TT>grep</TT>, and adds in the advanced string and array handling features that are missing from the C language. <TT>nawk</TT>, <TT>gawk</TT>, and POSIX <TT>awk</TT> are versions of this language.
<DT><B><TT>background</TT>
</B>
<DD>Processes usually running at a lower priority and with their input disconnected from the interactive session. Any input and output are usually directed to a file or other process.
<DT><B><TT>background process</TT>
</B>
<DD>An autonomous process that runs under UNIX without requiring user interaction.
<DT><B><TT>backup</TT>
</B>
<DD>The process of storing the UNIX system, applications, and data files on removable media for future retrieval.
<DT><B><TT>bash</TT>
</B>
<DD>Stands for GNU Bourne Again Shell and is based on the Bourne shell, <TT>sh</TT>, the original command interpreter.
<DT><B><TT>biff</TT>
</B>
<DD>Background mail notification utility.
<DT><B><TT>bison</TT>
</B>
<DD>GNU parser generator (<TT>yacc</TT> replacement).
<DT><B><TT>block-special</TT>
</B>
<DD>A device file that is used to communicate with a block-oriented I/O device. Disk and tape drives are examples of block devices. The block-special file refers to the entire device. You should not use this file unless you want to ignore the directory structure of the device (that is, if you are coding a device driver).
<DT><B><TT>boot</TT> or <TT>boot up</TT>
</B>
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