iwidgets.ps

这是一个Linux下的集成开发环境

(set. Seasoned developers commonly package this code,) 72 366.33 T
(attempting to create a composite widget in a set of pro-) 72 354.33 T
(cedures which allows for consistent creation of the wid-) 72 342.33 T
(get combination. This may provide centralization of) 72 330.33 T
(logic, but the procedures lack the encapsulation of a) 72 318.33 T
(pure widget and end up \337ooding global name space. At) 72 306.33 T
(this point, some developers may resort to C code.) 72 294.33 T
(What was really needed was the ability to combine Tk) 72 270.33 T
(widgets together into abstract building blocks called) 72 258.33 T
(\322Mega-W) 72 246.33 T
(idgets\323 at the VHLL layer) 111.58 246.33 T
(. The [incr T) 215.45 246.33 T
(cl] [1]) 265.29 246.33 T
(and [incr Tk] [2] extensions provide this capability) 72 234.33 T
(,) 274.93 234.33 T
(allowing mega-widget development in an object-ori-) 72 222.33 T
(ented paradigm using T) 72 210.33 T
(cl/Tk rather than C. The next) 166.01 210.33 T
(step was to build a mega-widget set in these extensions) 72 198.33 T
(which replaces the redundant widget combination pat-) 72 186.33 T
-0.1 (terns and provides a foundation for future development.) 72 174.33 P
([incr W) 72 162.33 T
(idgets] is one such extension.) 102.42 162.33 T
([incr W) 72 144.33 T
(idgets] is an object-oriented, extensible set of) 102.42 144.33 T
-0.6 (mega-widgets, delivering many general purpose widgets) 72 132.33 P
(such as option menus, selection boxes, and dialogs) 72 120.33 T
(whose counterparts are found in Motif. Since [incr W) 72 108.33 T
(id-) 285.72 108.33 T
(gets] is based on [incr Tk], the Tk framework of con\336g-) 72 96.33 T
(uration options and widget commands is maintained. In) 72 84.33 T
(other words, they look, act, and feel like Tk widgets.) 315 470.33 T
([incr W) 315 458.33 T
(idgets] blends with the standard Tk widgets,) 345.42 458.33 T
-0.28 (raising the level of programming and making it easier to) 315 446.33 P
(consistently develop well styled applications.) 315 434.33 T
(The idea of extending the basic Tk widget set is not) 315 410.33 T
(original. Other mega-widget extensions exist such as) 315 398.33 T
(T) 315 386.33 T
(ix [3] and itcl-widgets [4]. V) 320.76 386.33 T
(isually) 435.14 386.33 T
(, [incr W) 461.16 386.33 T
(idgets]) 496.58 386.33 T
-0.03 (covers some of the same ground, successfully replacing) 315 374.33 P
(many of the same typical combinations. [incr W) 315 362.33 T
(idgets]) 507.35 362.33 T
(dif) 315 350.33 T
(fers in the degree of its reusability) 325.93 350.33 T
(, extensibility) 461.92 350.33 T
(, \337ex-) 515.72 350.33 T
(ibility) 315 338.33 T
(, and adherence to the Motif style guide.) 338.25 338.33 T
(The [incr W) 315 314.33 T
(idgets] mega-widget set is also distin-) 363.47 314.33 T
(guished by its consistent use of style, built-in intelli-) 315 302.33 T
(gence, high degree of \337exibility) 315 290.33 T
(, ease of extending base) 441.83 290.33 T
(level functionality) 315 278.33 T
(, and its object-oriented implementa-) 387.4 278.33 T
(tion. Its use has resulted in increased productivity) 315 266.33 T
(, reli-) 512.66 266.33 T
(ability) 315 254.33 T
(, and style guide adherence. This paper) 339.91 254.33 T
(concentrates on these unique aspects of the widget set) 315 242.33 T
(and the presentation of its innovative concepts. A picto-) 315 230.33 T
(rial tour with sample code segments will be given as an) 315 218.33 T
(appendix.) 315 206.33 T
0 12 Q
(Mega-W) 390.28 175 T
(idgets) 434.72 175 T
1 10 Q
(Mega-widgets has been a hot topic within the T) 315 150.33 T
(cl/Tk) 504.83 150.33 T
(community) 315 138.33 T
(. The discussion centers on the bene\336ts,) 359.91 138.33 T
(frameworks, mechanisms, and implementation tech-) 315 126.33 T
(niques. It was McLennan [1] who originally coined the) 315 114.33 T
(term in his work with [incr T) 315 102.33 T
(cl], expanding on the con-) 430.4 102.33 T
(cept with [incr Tk]. He proposes that mega-widgets) 315 90.33 T
(should seamlessly extend the Tk widget set. They) 315 78.33 T
72 495 540 720 R
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0 14 Q
0 X
([incr W) 263.16 710.67 T
(idgets]) 309.18 710.67 T
(An Object Oriented Mega-W) 192.98 692.67 T
(idget Set) 367.31 692.67 T
2 9 Q
(Revised 10/31/95 - Originally present at USENIX T) 176.36 678 T
(cl/Tk W) 365.8 678 T
(orkshop 95) 394.38 678 T
1 12 Q
(Mark L. Ulferts) 268.18 652 T
3 10 Q
(DSC Communications Corporation) 235.16 637.33 T
([e-mail]) 256.13 623.33 T
(http://www) 242.19 609.33 T
(.wn.com/biz/iwidgets) 285.91 609.33 T
0 12 Q
(Abstract) 283.67 576 T
3 10 Q
(The intr) 72 551.33 T
(oduction of [incr T) 103.58 551.33 T
(cl] and [incr Tk] allows an object oriented appr) 178.5 551.33 T
(oach to Tk widget construction. \322Mega-) 370.91 551.33 T
(widgets\323 developed in these extensions seamlessly expand the Tk base widget set. Each of these object-oriented wid-) 72 539.33 T
-0.03 (gets may themselves be extended, using either inheritance or composition. This paper pr) 72 527.33 P
-0.03 (esents one such general pur-) 425.14 527.33 P
(pose hierar) 72 515.33 T
(chy called [incr W) 117.46 515.33 T
(idgets] which maintains the Motif look-and-feel and establishes several new concepts,) 191.06 515.33 T
(including extensible child sites and \337exible lar) 72 503.33 T
(ge scale component con\336guration.) 257.73 503.33 T
FMENDPAGE
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(should behave like standard Tk widgets, but are com-) 72 713.33 T
(posed of many Tk widgets and possibly other mega-) 72 701.33 T
(widgets as components. The implementation must) 72 689.33 T
(ensure that users notice no signi\336cant dif) 72 677.33 T
(ferences. Stan-) 235.69 677.33 T
(dard commands such as \324con\336gure\325 and \324cget\325 must) 72 665.33 T
(exist and options should be propagated to all compo-) 72 653.33 T
(nents. Thus, con\336guration of a mega-widgets \322-back-) 72 641.33 T
(ground\323 or \322-relief\323 option should have the expected) 72 629.33 T
(results on its components.) 72 617.33 T
-0.15 (The [incr T) 72 593.33 P
-0.15 (cl] and [incr Tk] extensions fully address the) 116.55 593.33 P
(issues of framework and mechanism for mega-widget) 72 581.33 T
(production. They have established themselves as the) 72 569.33 T
(defacto standard object-oriented extensions and have) 72 557.33 T
(been chosen to provide the backbone for the [incr W) 72 545.33 T
(id-) 281.82 545.33 T
(gets] set. Using these extensions, each mega-widget) 72 533.33 T
(becomes a \322class\323, de\336ning a unique type of widget) 72 521.33 T
(object in a separate namespace. This ensures that data) 72 509.33 T
(and commands associated with an object are encapsu-) 72 497.33 T
(lated, eliminating global name space pollution.) 72 485.33 T
0 12 Q
(Example) 161.83 454 T
1 10 Q
-0.24 (At this point, an example of mega-widget usage can pro-) 72 429.33 P
(vide a taste of [incr W) 72 417.33 T
(idgets] capabilities and illustrate) 160.74 417.33 T
(the bene\336ts. The example centers around the construc-) 72 405.33 T
-0.17 (tion of a typical login screen which prompts the user for) 72 393.33 P
(user name and password. New requirements will be) 72 381.33 T
-0.03 (incremental, leading to the development of a new mega-) 72 369.33 P
(widget which is implemented as an extension of an) 72 357.33 T
(existing one.) 72 345.33 T
-0.3 (A primitive login screen is composed of two \336elds, each) 72 321.33 P
(having a label and entry widget. The T) 72 309.33 T
(cl/Tk code) 226.27 309.33 T
(required is shown in Figure 1. [incr W) 72 297.33 T
(idgets] provides) 224.91 297.33 T
(an Entry\336eld class which replaces this standard widget) 72 285.33 T
(combination. This is shown in Figure 2. At this point,) 72 273.33 T
(mega-widget usage is mostly a matter of convenience) 72 261.33 T
(and minor savings in code, yet with a few additional) 72 249.33 T
(requirements the bene\336ts begin to escalate.) 72 237.33 T
(Now let\325) 72 213.33 T
(s add new requirements which might be) 106.72 213.33 T
(required for a normal login screen. First, the labels) 72 201.33 T
(should be left aligned. Next, the user \336eld width should) 72 189.33 T
(be limited to a maximum of 10 characters with input) 72 177.33 T
(restricted to alphabetic characters and illegal character) 72 165.33 T
(entry ringing the bell. As for the password, input must) 72 153.33 T
-0.05 (be masked and the return key should invoke a login pro-) 72 141.33 P
(cedure. W) 72 129.33 T
(e\325ll also present a more aesthetic interface by) 112.29 129.33 T
(varying the textual background in the mega-widget.) 72 117.33 T
(Since this last requirement applies to both Entry\336elds,) 72 105.33 T
-0.03 (the option database will be used. Figure 3 illustrates the) 72 93.33 P
-0.48 (code needed to implement these new requirements using) 72 81.33 P
([incr W) 315 200.33 T
(idgets]. Even without the presentation of com-) 345.42 200.33 T
-0.18 (parative straight T) 315 188.33 P
-0.18 (cl/Tk code, its safe to say that the ben-) 387.27 188.33 P
(e\336ts have increased.) 315 176.33 T
(This example gives just a sampling of the label control) 315 152.33 T
(capabilities built into those classes based on the) 315 140.33 T
(Labeledwidget class such as the Entry\336eld mega-wid-) 315 128.33 T
-0.18 (get. The label\325) 315 116.33 P
-0.18 (s position relative to its associated widget) 372.12 116.33 P
-0.04 (may be speci\336ed using standard directions: nw) 315 104.33 P
-0.04 (, n, ne, e,) 501.29 104.33 P
-0.4 (se, s, sw) 315 92.33 P
-0.4 (, and w) 346.88 92.33 P
-0.4 (. The label need not be limited to text, the) 374.58 92.33 P
(class supports both bitmaps and images as well. A mar-) 315 80.33 T
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(ield .login.user \134) 352.8 315.67 T
(    -labeltext \322User:\323) 324 305.67 T
(pack .login.user -f) 324 295.67 T
(ill x -pady 5) 415.2 295.67 T
(entryf) 324 275.67 T
(ield .login.passwd \134) 352.8 275.67 T
(    -labeltext \322Password:\323) 324 265.67 T
(pack .login.passwd -f) 324 255.67 T
(ill x -pady 5) 424.8 255.67 T
0 10 Q
(FIGURE 2) 346.21 227.18 T
1 F
( - [incr W) 392.6 227.18 T
(idgets] Login screen) 431.35 227.18 T
0 F
(FIGURE 1) 359.33 380.18 T
1 F
( - T) 405.72 380.18 T
(cl/Tk Login screen) 419.46 380.18 T
0 -208 1000 792 C
FMENDPAGE
%%EndPage: "2" 2
%%Page: "3" 3
612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE
[0 0 0 1 0 0 0]
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[ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0]
[ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1]
[ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1]
[ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1]
[ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0]
 7 FrameSetSepColors
FrameNoSep
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
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1 10 Q
0 X
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
(gin between the label and its associated widget may be) 72 429.62 T
(given. Alignment is provided by adjusting the mar) 72 417.62 T
(gins) 273.48 417.62 T
(of a group of Labeledwidget based mega-widgets.) 72 405.62 T
(Currently) 72 381.62 T
(, our login screen lacks a method of cancella-) 109.68 381.62 T
(tion barring closure from the window manager decora-) 72 369.62 T
(tion. Since this is not the most elegant method of) 72 357.62 T
-0.24 (window removal, \322OK\323 and \322Cancel\323 buttons seem like) 72 345.62 P
(worthy additions. A well styled application would also) 72 333.62 T
-0.22 (make the buttons be of equal width and signify a default) 72 321.62 P
(button associated with striking the return key through) 72 309.62 T
(the appearance of an encompassing sunken ring. The) 72 297.62 T
(Buttonbox class provides this functionality) 72 285.62 T
(, making but-) 243.02 285.62 T
(ton management simple. As a manager widget, the But-) 72 273.62 T
(tonbox controls the orientation, separation, and size of) 72 261.62 T
-0.18 (its button components. Buttons are added with the \324add\325) 72 249.62 P
(command. The \324default\325 command allows speci\336cation) 72 237.62 T
(of a button within a sunken ring. Figure 4 presents the) 72 225.47 T
(improved login screen.) 72 213.47 T
-0.01 (Expanding further) 72 189.47 P
-0.01 (, a truly useful login screen should be) 144.63 189.47 P
(a modal toplevel dialog widget. The [incr W) 72 177.47 T
(idgets] Dia-) 249.35 177.47 T
(log class supports global, application, and non-modal) 72 165.47 T
(dialogs. The dif) 72 153.47 T
(ference being the degree of blocking.) 134.87 153.47 T
(Global