install-steps.html

FreeBSD操作系统的详细使用手册

<span class="TRADEMARK">Windows</span>.</p>

<p>The third section shows the commands that are available in <b
class="APPLICATION">FDisk</b>.</p>

<div class="FIGURE"><a id="SYSINSTALL-FDISK1" name="SYSINSTALL-FDISK1"></a>
<p><b>Figure 2-17. Typical Fdisk Partitions before Editing</b></p>

<p><img src="install/fdisk-edit1.png" /></p>
</div>

<p>What you do now will depend on how you want to slice up your disk.</p>

<p>If you want to use FreeBSD for the entire disk (which will delete all the other data
on this disk when you confirm that you want <b class="APPLICATION">sysinstall</b> to
continue later in the installation process) then you can press <b class="KEYCAP">A</b>,
which corresponds to the <span class="GUIMENUITEM">Use Entire Disk</span> option. The
existing slices will be removed, and replaced with a small area flagged as <var
class="LITERAL">unused</var> (again, an artifact of PC disk layout), and then one large
slice for FreeBSD. If you do this, then you should select the newly created FreeBSD slice
using the arrow keys, and press <b class="KEYCAP">S</b> to mark the slice as being
bootable. The screen will then look very similar to <a
href="install-steps.html#SYSINSTALL-FDISK2">Figure 2-18</a>. Note the <var
class="LITERAL">A</var> in the <var class="LITERAL">Flags</var> column, which indicates
that this slice is <span class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">active</i></span>, and will
be booted from.</p>

<p>If you will be deleting an existing slice to make space for FreeBSD then you should
select the slice using the arrow keys, and then press <b class="KEYCAP">D</b>. You can
then press <b class="KEYCAP">C</b>, and be prompted for size of slice you want to create.
Enter the appropriate figure and press <b class="KEYCAP">Enter</b>. The default value in
this box represents the largest possible slice you can make, which could be the largest
contiguous block of unallocated space or the size of the entire hard disk.</p>

<p>If you have already made space for FreeBSD (perhaps by using a tool such as <b
class="APPLICATION"><span class="TRADEMARK">PartitionMagic</span>&reg;</b>) then you can
press <b class="KEYCAP">C</b> to create a new slice. Again, you will be prompted for the
size of slice you would like to create.</p>

<div class="FIGURE"><a id="SYSINSTALL-FDISK2" name="SYSINSTALL-FDISK2"></a>
<p><b>Figure 2-18. Fdisk Partition Using Entire Disk</b></p>

<p><img src="install/fdisk-edit2.png" /></p>
</div>

<p>When finished, press <b class="KEYCAP">Q</b>. Your changes will be saved in <b
class="APPLICATION">sysinstall</b>, but will not yet be written to disk.</p>
</div>

<div class="SECT2">
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="BOOTMGR" name="BOOTMGR">2.5.3 Install a Boot Manager</a></h2>

<p>You now have the option to install a boot manager. In general, you should choose to
install the FreeBSD boot manager if:</p>

<ul>
<li>
<p>You have more than one drive, and have installed FreeBSD onto a drive other than the
first one.</p>
</li>

<li>
<p>You have installed FreeBSD alongside another operating system on the same disk, and
you want to choose whether to start FreeBSD or the other operating system when you start
the computer.</p>
</li>
</ul>

<p>If FreeBSD is going to be the only operating system on this machine, installed on the
first hard disk, then the <span class="GUIMENUITEM">Standard</span> boot manager will
suffice. Choose <span class="GUIMENUITEM">None</span> if you are using a third-party boot
manager capable of booting FreeBSD.</p>

<p>Make your choice and press <b class="KEYCAP">Enter</b>.</p>

<div class="FIGURE"><a id="SYSINSTALL-BOOTMGR" name="SYSINSTALL-BOOTMGR"></a>
<p><b>Figure 2-19. Sysinstall Boot Manager Menu</b></p>

<p><img src="install/boot-mgr.png" /></p>
</div>

<p>The help screen, reached by pressing <b class="KEYCAP">F1</b>, discusses the problems
that can be encountered when trying to share the hard disk between operating systems.</p>
</div>

<div class="SECT2">
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN1818" name="AEN1818">2.5.4 Creating Slices on Another
Drive</a></h2>

<p>If there is more than one drive, it will return to the Select Drives screen after the
boot manager selection. If you wish to install FreeBSD on to more than one disk, then you
can select another disk here and repeat the slice process using <b
class="APPLICATION">FDisk</b>.</p>

<div class="IMPORTANT">
<blockquote class="IMPORTANT">
<p><b>Important:</b> If you are installing FreeBSD on a drive other than your first, then
the FreeBSD boot manager needs to be installed on both drives.</p>
</blockquote>
</div>

<div class="FIGURE"><a id="SYSINSTALL-FDISK-DRIVE2" name="SYSINSTALL-FDISK-DRIVE2"></a>
<p><b>Figure 2-20. Exit Select Drive</b></p>

<p><img src="install/fdisk-drive2.png" /></p>
</div>

<p>The <b class="KEYCAP">Tab</b> key toggles between the last drive selected, <span
class="GUIBUTTON">[&nbsp;OK&nbsp;]</span>, and <span
class="GUIBUTTON">[&nbsp;Cancel&nbsp;]</span>.</p>

<p>Press the <b class="KEYCAP">Tab</b> once to toggle to the <span
class="GUIBUTTON">[&nbsp;OK&nbsp;]</span>, then press <b class="KEYCAP">Enter</b> to
continue with the installation.</p>
</div>

<div class="SECT2">
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="DISKLABELEDITOR" name="DISKLABELEDITOR">2.5.5 Creating
Partitions Using <b class="APPLICATION">Disklabel</b></a></h2>

<p>You must now create some partitions inside each slice that you have just created.
Remember that each partition is lettered, from <var class="LITERAL">a</var> through to
<var class="LITERAL">h</var>, and that partitions <var class="LITERAL">b</var>, <var
class="LITERAL">c</var>, and <var class="LITERAL">d</var> have conventional meanings that
you should adhere to.</p>

<p>Certain applications can benefit from particular partition schemes, especially if you
are laying out partitions across more than one disk. However, for this, your first
FreeBSD installation, you do not need to give too much thought to how you partition the
disk. It is more important that you install FreeBSD and start learning how to use it. You
can always re-install FreeBSD to change your partition scheme when you are more familiar
with the operating system.</p>

<p>This scheme features four partitions--one for swap space, and three for
filesystems.</p>

<div class="TABLE"><a id="AEN1848" name="AEN1848"></a>
<p><b>Table 2-2. Partition Layout for First Disk</b></p>

<table border="0" frame="void" width="100%" class="CALSTABLE">
<col width="14%" />
<col width="14%" />
<col width="14%" />
<col width="57%" />
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Partition</th>
<th>Filesystem</th>
<th>Size</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td><var class="LITERAL">a</var></td>
<td><tt class="FILENAME">/</tt></td>
<td>100&nbsp;MB</td>
<td>This is the root filesystem. Every other filesystem will be mounted somewhere under
this one. 100&nbsp;MB is a reasonable size for this filesystem. You will not be storing
too much data on it, as a regular FreeBSD install will put about 40&nbsp;MB of data here.
The remaining space is for temporary data, and also leaves expansion space if future
versions of FreeBSD need more space in <tt class="FILENAME">/</tt>.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><var class="LITERAL">b</var></td>
<td>N/A</td>
<td>2-3 x RAM</td>
<td>
<p>The system's swap space is kept on this partition. Choosing the right amount of swap
space can be a bit of an art. A good rule of thumb is that your swap space should be two
or three times as much as the available physical memory (RAM). You should also have at
least 64&nbsp;MB of swap, so if you have less than 32&nbsp;MB of RAM in your computer
then set the swap amount to 64&nbsp;MB.</p>

<p>&#13; If you have more than one disk then you can put swap space on each disk. FreeBSD
will then use each disk for swap, which effectively speeds up the act of swapping. In
this case, calculate the total amount of swap you need (e.g., 128&nbsp;MB), and then
divide this by the number of disks you have (e.g., two disks) to give the amount of swap
you should put on each disk, in this example, 64&nbsp;MB of swap per disk.</p>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><var class="LITERAL">e</var></td>
<td><tt class="FILENAME">/var</tt></td>
<td>50&nbsp;MB</td>
<td>The <tt class="FILENAME">/var</tt> directory contains files that are constantly
varying; log files, and other administrative files. Many of these files are read-from or
written-to extensively during FreeBSD's day-to-day running. Putting these files on
another filesystem allows FreeBSD to optimize the access of these files without affecting
other files in other directories that do not have the same access pattern.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><var class="LITERAL">f</var></td>
<td><tt class="FILENAME">/usr</tt></td>
<td>Rest of disk</td>
<td>All your other files will typically be stored in <tt class="FILENAME">/usr</tt> and
its subdirectories.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>

<p>If you will be installing FreeBSD on to more than one disk then you must also create
partitions in the other slices that you configured. The easiest way to do this is to
create two partitions on each disk, one for the swap space, and one for a filesystem.</p>

<div class="TABLE"><a id="AEN1895" name="AEN1895"></a>
<p><b>Table 2-3. Partition Layout for Subsequent Disks</b></p>

<table border="0" frame="void" width="100%" class="CALSTABLE">
<col width="14%" />
<col width="14%" />
<col width="29%" />
<col width="43%" />
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Partition</th>