using-localization.html

FreeBSD操作系统的详细使用手册

<div class="SECT4">
<h4 class="SECT4"><a id="STARTUP-FILE" name="STARTUP-FILE">18.3.4.1.2 Shell Startup File
Method</a></h4>

<div class="NOTE">
<blockquote class="NOTE">
<p><b>Note:</b> This method is not recommended because it requires a different setup for
each possible shell program chosen. Use the <a
href="using-localization.html#LOGIN-CLASS">Login Class Method</a> instead.</p>
</blockquote>
</div>

<p>To add the locale name and MIME character set, just set the two environment variables
shown below in the <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/profile</tt> and/or <tt
class="FILENAME">/etc/csh.login</tt> shell startup files. We will use the German language
as an example below:</p>

<p>In <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/profile</tt>:</p>

<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
<tt class="ENVAR">LANG=de_DE.ISO8859-1; export LANG</tt>
<tt class="ENVAR">MM_CHARSET=ISO-8859-1; export MM_CHARSET</tt>
</pre>

<p>Or in <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/csh.login</tt>:</p>

<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
<tt class="ENVAR">setenv LANG de_DE.ISO8859-1</tt>
<tt class="ENVAR">setenv MM_CHARSET ISO-8859-1</tt>
</pre>

<p>Alternatively, you can add the above instructions to <tt
class="FILENAME">/usr/share/skel/dot.profile</tt> (similar to what was used in <tt
class="FILENAME">/etc/profile</tt> above), or <tt
class="FILENAME">/usr/share/skel/dot.login</tt> (similar to what was used in <tt
class="FILENAME">/etc/csh.login</tt> above).</p>

<p>For X11:</p>

<p>In <tt class="FILENAME">$HOME/.xinitrc</tt>:</p>

<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
<tt class="ENVAR">LANG=de_DE.ISO8859-1; export LANG</tt>
</pre>

<p>Or:</p>

<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
<tt class="ENVAR">setenv LANG de_DE.ISO8859-1</tt>
</pre>

<p>Depending on your shell (see above).</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>

<div class="SECT2">
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="SETTING-CONSOLE" name="SETTING-CONSOLE">18.3.5 Console
Setup</a></h2>

<p>For all single C chars character sets, set the correct console fonts in <tt
class="FILENAME">/etc/rc.conf</tt> for the language in question with:</p>

<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
font8x16=<var class="REPLACEABLE">font_name</var>
font8x14=<var class="REPLACEABLE">font_name</var>
font8x8=<var class="REPLACEABLE">font_name</var>
</pre>

<p>The <var class="REPLACEABLE">font_name</var> here is taken from the <tt
class="FILENAME">/usr/share/syscons/fonts</tt> directory, without the <tt
class="FILENAME">.fnt</tt> suffix.</p>

<p>Also be sure to set the correct keymap and screenmap for your single C chars character
set through <tt class="FILENAME">/stand/sysinstall</tt>. Once inside <b
class="APPLICATION">sysinstall</b>, choose <span class="GUIMENUITEM">Configure</span>,
then <span class="GUIMENUITEM">Console</span>. Alternatively, you can add the following
to <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/rc.conf</tt>:</p>

<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
scrnmap=<var class="REPLACEABLE">screenmap_name</var>
keymap=<var class="REPLACEABLE">keymap_name</var>
keychange="<var class="REPLACEABLE">fkey_number sequence</var>"
</pre>

<p>The <var class="REPLACEABLE">screenmap_name</var> here is taken from the <tt
class="FILENAME">/usr/share/syscons/scrnmaps</tt> directory, without the <tt
class="FILENAME">.scm</tt> suffix. A screenmap with a corresponding mapped font is
usually needed as a workaround for expanding bit 8 to bit 9 on a VGA adapter's font
character matrix in pseudographics area, i.e., to move letters out of that area if screen
font uses a bit 8 column.</p>

<p>If you have the <b class="APPLICATION">moused</b> daemon enabled by setting the
following in your <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/rc.conf</tt>:</p>

<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
moused_enable="YES"
</pre>

<p>then examine the mouse cursor information in the next paragraph.</p>

<p>By default the mouse cursor of the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=syscons&sektion=4"><span
class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">syscons</span>(4)</span></a> driver
occupies the 0xd0-0xd3 range in the character set. If your language uses this range, you
need to move the cursor's range outside of it. To enable the workaround for FreeBSD
versions before 5.0, insert the following line into your kernel configuration:</p>

<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
options        SC_MOUSE_CHAR=0x03
</pre>

<p>For FreeBSD versions 4.4 and up insert the following line into <tt
class="FILENAME">/etc/rc.conf</tt>:</p>

<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
mousechar_start=3
</pre>

<p>The <var class="REPLACEABLE">keymap_name</var> here is taken from the <tt
class="FILENAME">/usr/share/syscons/keymaps</tt> directory, without the <tt
class="FILENAME">.kbd</tt> suffix. If you're uncertain which keymap to use, you use can
<a href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=kbdmap&sektion=1"><span
class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">kbdmap</span>(1)</span></a> to test
keymaps without rebooting.</p>

<p>The <var class="LITERAL">keychange</var> is usually needed to program function keys to
match the selected terminal type because function key sequences cannot be defined in the
key map.</p>

<p>Also be sure to set the correct console terminal type in <tt
class="FILENAME">/etc/ttys</tt> for all <var class="LITERAL">ttyv*</var> entries. Current
pre-defined correspondences are:</p>

<div class="INFORMALTABLE"><a id="AEN26870" name="AEN26870"></a>
<table border="0" frame="void" class="CALSTABLE">
<col />
<col />
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Character Set</th>
<th>Terminal Type</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td>ISO-8859-1 or ISO-8859-15</td>
<td><var class="LITERAL">cons25l1</var></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>ISO-8859-2</td>
<td><var class="LITERAL">cons25l2</var></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>ISO-8859-7</td>
<td><var class="LITERAL">cons25l7</var></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>KOI8-R</td>
<td><var class="LITERAL">cons25r</var></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>KOI8-U</td>
<td><var class="LITERAL">cons25u</var></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>CP437 (VGA default)</td>
<td><var class="LITERAL">cons25</var></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>US-ASCII</td>
<td><var class="LITERAL">cons25w</var></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>

<p>For wide or multibyte characters languages, use the correct FreeBSD port in your <tt
class="FILENAME">/usr/ports/<var class="REPLACEABLE">language</var></tt> directory. Some
ports appear as console while the system sees it as serial vtty's, hence you must reserve
enough vtty's for both X11 and the pseudo-serial console. Here is a partial list of
applications for using other languages in console:</p>

<div class="INFORMALTABLE"><a id="AEN26908" name="AEN26908"></a>
<table border="0" frame="void" class="CALSTABLE">
<col />
<col />
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Language</th>
<th>Location</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Traditional Chinese (BIG-5)</td>
<td><a href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/url.cgi?ports/chinese/big5con/pkg-descr"><tt
class="FILENAME">chinese/big5con</tt></a></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Japanese</td>
<td><a href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/url.cgi?ports/japanese/kon2-16dot/pkg-descr"><tt
class="FILENAME">japanese/kon2-16dot</tt></a> or <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/url.cgi?ports/japanese/mule-freewnn/pkg-descr"><tt
class="FILENAME">japanese/mule-freewnn</tt></a></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Korean</td>
<td><a href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/url.cgi?ports/korean/han/pkg-descr"><tt
class="FILENAME">korean/han</tt></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>

<div class="SECT2">
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN26928" name="AEN26928">18.3.6 X11 Setup</a></h2>

<p>Although X11 is not part of the FreeBSD Project, we have included some information
here for FreeBSD users. For more details, refer to the <a href="http://www.xfree86.org/"
target="_top"><span class="TRADEMARK">XFree86</span>&#8482; web site</a> or whichever X11
Server you use.</p>

<p>In <tt class="FILENAME">~/.Xresources</tt>, you can additionally tune application
specific I18N settings (e.g., fonts, menus, etc.).</p>

<div class="SECT3">
<h3 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN26935" name="AEN26935">18.3.6.1 Displaying Fonts</a></h3>

<p>Install the X11 <span class="TRADEMARK">TrueType</span>&reg; Common server (<a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/url.cgi?ports/x11-servers/XttXF86srv-common/pkg-descr"><tt
 class="FILENAME">x11-servers/XttXF86srv-common</tt></a>) and install the language <span
class="TRADEMARK">TrueType</span> fonts. Setting the correct locale should allow you to
view your selected language in menus and such.</p>
</div>

<div class="SECT3">
<h3 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN26943" name="AEN26943">18.3.6.2 Inputting Non-English
Characters</a></h3>

<p>The X11 Input Method (XIM) Protocol is a new standard for all X11 clients. All X11
applications should be written as XIM clients that take input from XIM Input servers.
There are several XIM servers available for different languages.</p>
</div>
</div>

<div class="SECT2">
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN26948" name="AEN26948">18.3.7 Printer Setup</a></h2>

<p>Some single C chars character sets are usually hardware coded into printers. Wide or
multibyte character sets require special setup and we recommend using <b
class="APPLICATION">apsfilter</b>. You may also convert the document to <span
class="TRADEMARK">PostScript</span>&reg; or PDF formats using language specific
converters.</p>
</div>

<div class="SECT2">
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN26953" name="AEN26953">18.3.8 Kernel and File
Systems</a></h2>

<p>The FreeBSD fast filesystem (FFS) is 8-bit clean, so it can be used with any single C
chars character set (see <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=multibyte&sektion=3"><span
class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">multibyte</span>(3)</span></a>), but
there is no character set name stored in the filesystem; i.e., it is raw 8-bit and does
not know anything about encoding order. Officially, FFS does not support any form of wide
or multibyte character sets yet. However, some wide or multibyte character sets have
independent patches for FFS enabling such support. They are only temporary unportable
solutions or hacks and we have decided to not include them in the source tree. Refer to
respective languages' web sites for more informations and the patch files.</p>

<p>The FreeBSD <span class="TRADEMARK">MS-DOS</span>&reg; filesystem has the configurable
ability to convert between <span class="TRADEMARK">MS-DOS</span>, Unicode character sets
and chosen FreeBSD filesystem character sets. See <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=mount_msdos&sektion=8"><span
class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">mount_msdos</span>(8)</span></a> for
details.</p>
</div>
</div>

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