x11-wm.html

FreeBSD操作系统的详细使用手册

<div class="SECT2">
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="X11-WM-KDE-DETAILS" name="X11-WM-KDE-DETAILS">5.7.3 More Details
on KDE</a></h2>

<p>Now that <b class="APPLICATION">KDE</b> is installed on the system, most things can be
discovered through the help pages, or just by pointing and clicking at various menus.
<span class="TRADEMARK">Windows</span>&reg; or <span class="TRADEMARK">Mac</span>&reg;
users will feel quite at home.</p>

<p>The best reference for <b class="APPLICATION">KDE</b> is the on-line documentation. <b
class="APPLICATION">KDE</b> comes with its own web browser, <b
class="APPLICATION">Konqueror</b>, dozens of useful applications, and extensive
documentation. The remainder of this section discusses the technical items that are
difficult to learn by random exploration.</p>

<div class="SECT3">
<h3 class="SECT3"><a id="X11-WM-KDE-KDM" name="X11-WM-KDE-KDM">5.7.3.1 The KDE Display
Manager</a></h3>

<p>An administrator of a multi-user system may wish to have a graphical login screen to
welcome users. <a href="x-xdm.html">XDM</a> can be used, as described earlier. However,
<b class="APPLICATION">KDE</b> includes an alternative, <b class="APPLICATION">kdm</b>,
which is designed to look more attractive and include more login-time options. In
particular, users can easily choose (via a menu) which desktop environment (<b
class="APPLICATION">KDE</b>, <b class="APPLICATION">GNOME</b>, or something else) to run
after logging on.</p>

<p>To begin with, run the <b class="APPLICATION">KDE</b> control panel, <tt
class="COMMAND">kcontrol</tt>, as <tt class="USERNAME">root</tt>. It is generally
considered unsafe to run the entire X environment as <tt class="USERNAME">root</tt>.
Instead, run the window manager as a normal user, open a terminal window (such as <tt
class="FILENAME">xterm</tt> or <b class="APPLICATION">KDE</b>'s <tt
class="FILENAME">konsole</tt>), become <tt class="USERNAME">root</tt> with <kbd
class="USERINPUT">su</kbd> (the user must be in the <tt class="GROUPNAME">wheel</tt>
group in <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/group</tt> for this), and then type <kbd
class="USERINPUT">kcontrol</kbd>.</p>

<p>Click on the icon on the left marked <span class="GUIBUTTON">System</span>, then on
<span class="GUIBUTTON">Login manager</span>. On the right there are various configurable
options, which the <b class="APPLICATION">KDE</b> manual will explain in greater detail.
Click on <span class="GUIBUTTON">sessions</span> on the right. Click <span
class="GUIBUTTON">New type</span> to add various window managers and desktop
environments. These are just labels, so they can say <b class="APPLICATION">KDE</b> and
<b class="APPLICATION">GNOME</b> rather than <b class="APPLICATION">startkde</b> or <b
class="APPLICATION">gnome-session</b>. Include a label <var
class="LITERAL">failsafe</var>.</p>

<p>Play with the other menus as well, they are mainly cosmetic and self-explanatory. When
you are done, click on <span class="GUIBUTTON">Apply</span> at the bottom, and quit the
control center.</p>

<p>To make sure <b class="APPLICATION">kdm</b> understands what the labels (<b
class="APPLICATION">KDE</b>, <b class="APPLICATION">GNOME</b> etc) mean, edit the files
used by <a href="x-xdm.html">XDM</a>.</p>

<div class="NOTE">
<blockquote class="NOTE">
<p><b>Note:</b> In <b class="APPLICATION">KDE 2.2</b> this has changed: <b
class="APPLICATION">kdm</b> now uses its own configuration files. Please see the <b
class="APPLICATION">KDE 2.2</b> documentation for details.</p>
</blockquote>
</div>

In a terminal window, as <tt class="USERNAME">root</tt>, edit the file <tt
class="FILENAME">/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xdm/Xsession</tt>. There is a section in the middle
like this:<br />
<br />
<pre class="SCREEN">
case $# in
1)
        case $1 in
        failsafe)
                exec xterm -geometry 80x24-0-0
                ;;
        esac
esac
</pre>

<p>A few lines need to be added to this section. Assuming the labels from used were
``KDE'' and ``GNOME'', use the following:</p>

<pre class="SCREEN">
case $# in
1)
        case $1 in
        kde)
                exec /usr/local/bin/startkde
                ;;
        GNOME)
                exec /usr/X11R6/bin/gnome-session
                ;;
        failsafe)
                exec xterm -geometry 80x24-0-0
                ;;
        esac
esac
</pre>

<p>For the <b class="APPLICATION">KDE</b> login-time desktop background to be honored,
the following line needs to be added to <tt
class="FILENAME">/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xdm/Xsetup_0</tt>:</p>

<pre class="SCREEN">
/usr/local/bin/kdmdesktop
</pre>

<p>Now, make sure <b class="APPLICATION">kdm</b> is listed in <tt
class="FILENAME">/etc/ttys</tt> to be started at the next bootup. To do this, simply
follow the instructions from the previous section on <a href="x-xdm.html">XDM</a> and
replace references to the <tt class="COMMAND">/usr/X11R6/bin/xdm</tt> program with <tt
class="COMMAND">/usr/local/bin/kdm</tt>.</p>
</div>

<div class="SECT3">
<h3 class="SECT3"><a id="X11-WM-KDE-ANTIALIAS" name="X11-WM-KDE-ANTIALIAS">5.7.3.2
Anti-aliased Fonts</a></h3>

<p>X11 supports anti-aliasing via its ``RENDER'' extension, and starting with version
2.3, Qt (the toolkit used by <b class="APPLICATION">KDE</b>) supports this extension.
Configuring this is described in <a href="x-fonts.html#ANTIALIAS">Section 5.5.3</a> on
antialiasing X11 fonts. So, with up-to-date software, anti-aliasing is possible on a <b
class="APPLICATION">KDE</b> desktop. Just go to the KDE menu, go to <span
class="GUIMENU">Preferences</span>-&gt;<span class="GUISUBMENU">Look and
Feel</span>-&gt;<span class="GUIMENUITEM">Fonts</span>, and click on the check box <span
class="GUIBUTTON">Use Anti-Aliasing for Fonts and Icons</span>. For a Qt application
which is not part of <b class="APPLICATION">KDE</b>, the environment variable <var
class="VARNAME">QT_XFT</var> needs to be set to <var class="LITERAL">true</var> before
starting the program.</p>
</div>
</div>

<div class="SECT2">
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="X11-WM-XFCE" name="X11-WM-XFCE">5.7.4 XFce</a></h2>

<div class="SECT3">
<h3 class="SECT3"><a id="X11-WM-XFCE-ABOUT" name="X11-WM-XFCE-ABOUT">5.7.4.1 About
XFce</a></h3>

<p><b class="APPLICATION">XFce</b> is a desktop environment based on the GTK+ toolkit
used by <b class="APPLICATION">GNOME</b>, but is much more lightweight and meant for
those who want a simple, efficient desktop which is nevertheless easy to use and
configure. Visually, it looks very much like <b class="APPLICATION">CDE</b>, found on
commercial <span class="TRADEMARK">UNIX</span> systems. Some of <b
class="APPLICATION">XFce</b>'s features are:</p>

<ul>
<li>
<p>A simple, easy-to-handle desktop</p>
</li>

<li>
<p>Fully configurable via mouse, with drag and drop, etc</p>
</li>

<li>
<p>Main panel similar to <b class="APPLICATION">CDE</b>, with menus, applets and
applications launchers</p>
</li>

<li>
<p>Integrated window manager, file manager, sound manager, <b
class="APPLICATION">GNOME</b> compliance module, and other things</p>
</li>

<li>
<p>Themeable (since it uses GTK+)</p>
</li>

<li>
<p>Fast, light and efficient: ideal for older/slower machines or machines with memory
limitations</p>
</li>
</ul>

<p>More information on <b class="APPLICATION">XFce</b> can be found on the <a
href="http://www.xfce.org/" target="_top">XFce website</a>.</p>
</div>

<div class="SECT3">
<h3 class="SECT3"><a id="X11-WM-XFCE-INSTALL" name="X11-WM-XFCE-INSTALL">5.7.4.2
Installing XFce</a></h3>

<p>A binary package for <b class="APPLICATION">XFce</b> exists (at the time of writing).
To install, simply type:</p>

<pre class="SCREEN">
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">pkg_add -r xfce4</kbd>
</pre>

<p>Alternatively, to build from source, use the ports collection:</p>

<pre class="SCREEN">
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd /usr/ports/x11-wm/xfce4</kbd>
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">make install clean</kbd>
</pre>

<p>Now, tell the X server to launch <b class="APPLICATION">XFce</b> the next time X is
started. Simply type this:</p>

<pre class="SCREEN">
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd
class="USERINPUT">echo "/usr/X11R6/bin/startxfce4" &gt; ~/.xinitrc</kbd>
</pre>

<p>The next time X is started, <b class="APPLICATION">XFce</b> will be the desktop. As
before, if a display manager like <b class="APPLICATION">XDM</b> is being used, create an
<tt class="FILENAME">.xsession</tt>, as described in the section on <a
href="x11-wm.html#X11-WM-GNOME">GNOME</a>, but with the <tt
class="FILENAME">/usr/X11R6/bin/startxfce4</tt> command; or, configure the display
manager to allow choosing a desktop at login time, as explained in the section on <a
href="x11-wm.html#X11-WM-KDE-KDM">kdm</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>

<div class="NAVFOOTER">
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="x-xdm.html"
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="common-tasks.html"
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">The X Display Manager</td>
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="x11.html" accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">Common Tasks</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

<p align="center"><small>This, and other documents, can be downloaded from <a
href="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/doc/">ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/doc/</a>.</small></p>

<p align="center"><small>For questions about FreeBSD, read the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/docs.html">documentation</a> before contacting &#60;<a
href="mailto:[e-mail]">[e-mail]</a>&#62;.<br />
For questions about this documentation, e-mail &#60;<a
href="mailto:[e-mail]">[e-mail]</a>&#62;.</small></p>
</body>
</html>