use.txt

实现并行算法

parameters/arguments to lowercase unless you enclose them in double quotes
which preserves the case.

If you are on an X Windows display (for which gs is built), you can do

	$ set display/create/node="domain-name"/transport=tcpip

For example,

	$ set display/create/node="doof.city.com"/transport=tcpip

and then run Ghostscript

	$ gs

If you write printer output to a file and then want to print the file
later, use the "/PASSALL" qualifier to the PRINT command.

In order to get PDF files (or PostScript files that use the setfileposition
operator) to work properly on VMS systems, you must ensure that they are
"stream LF" type files.  (**NOTE**: This only applies if you are using DEC C
to compile Ghostscript; there is no known way to get these files to work
properly with the old VAX C compiler.)  If you transfer files by FTP, you
probably need to do one of the following two things after the transfer:

1. If FTP'd in text/ASCII mode then do:

     $ CONVERT/FDL=STREAMLF.FDL input-file output-file

   where the contents of the file STREAMLF.FDL are given below.

2. Otherwise, if FTP'd in binary mode do

     $ SET FILE/ATTRIBUTE=(RFM:STMLF)

The contents of the STREAMLF.FDL file are shown between, and exclusive of, the
dashed lines:

-------------------------------------------------
FILE
        ORGANIZATION            sequential

RECORD
        BLOCK_SPAN              yes
        CARRIAGE_CONTROL        carriage_return
        FORMAT                  stream_lf
-------------------------------------------------

MS-DOS
------

Ghostscript supports many SuperVGA displays directly, most of them with
more than 16 colors.  The complete list is in the file devs.mak, which is
part of the Ghostscript source code.  (If you got Ghostscript under the
Aladdin Ghostscript Free Public License, the person or place from which you
got it is also required to make the source code available to you; if you
got it under the GNU License, see the GNU License for more information.)

If you have a SuperVGA display that supports a 16-color mode with 800x600
pixels, and you know the display mode number for this mode, you can select
it by using the command line switches
	-sDEVICE=svga16 -dDisplayMode=NNN
where NNN is the display mode number in decimal.  The modes for some
popular display chipsets are as follows:

    Acumos AVGA2, AVGA3                         88	(0x58)
    Advance Logic AL2101                        43	(0x2B)
    Ahead V5000                                 113	(0x71)
    ATI VGAWONDER, Graphics Ultra etc.          84	(0x54)
    Chips and Technologies                      106	(0x6A)
    Cirrus Logic CL-GD 500/600                  100	(0x64)
    Cirrus Logic GD 5422                        88	(0x58)
    Compaq VGA                                  89	(0x59)
    CTI                                         106	(0x6A)
  * Genoa 5xxx, Sigma VGA                       41	(0x29)
    Genoa 6xxx                                  106	(0x6A)
    MXIC MX 68010                               85	(0x55)
    NCR 77C22                                   88	(0x58)
    OAK Technologies OTI-067, OTI-077, OTI037C  82	(0x52)
    OAK Technologies OTI037C w/ NEL BIOS        91	(0x5B)
  * Orchid Prodesigner                          41	(0x29)
    Paradise                                    88	(0x58)
    Poach                                       106	(0x6A)
    Primus                                      42	(0x2A)
    Realtek RT 3106                             31	(0x1F)
    Tecmar                                      22	(0x16)
    Trident 8900                                91	(0x5B)
  * Tseng ET-3000, ET-4000                      41	(0x29)
  * VEGA                                        41	(0x29)
    Video 7 SVGA                                98	(0x62)
    WD90C11                                     92	(0x5C)
    Western Digital                             88	(0x58)

The ones marked * are the default (they all use the same value.)  If your
card's chipset doesn't appear on this list, or if you try the value here
and it doesn't work, please e-mail the chipset and correct display mode to
[e-mail] for inclusion in future releases.

If you are running Ghostscript on a MS-DOS machine with a display that is
not EGA/VGA compatible, you must use the Borland compiler.  You must build
Ghostscript with the BGI driver as the default, and you will need the
appropriate .BGI file from the Borland Turbo C library.  (Ghostscript
includes the EGA/VGA driver in the executable.)

If you are using the BGI driver, two additional environment variables
become relevant:

	BGIPATH - defines the directory where Ghostscript will look for
the appropriate BGI driver.  If BGIPATH is not defined, Ghostscript will
look in the directory defined as BGIDIR in the makefile.  In either case,
if no driver is found in the designated directory, Ghostscript will look
in the current directory.

	BGIUSER - a string of the form nn.dname, where nn is a hexadecimal
number giving a display mode and dname is the name of a file containing a
user-supplied BGI driver.  If BGIUSER is defined and the BGI device is
selected, Ghostscript will supply nn as the display mode and will obtain
the driver from the file named dname.

Some applications, such as Microsoft Word, require a prologue in front of
the PostScript files they output.  In the case of Word, this is one of the
*.ini files included with the Word distribution.  Other applications may
require other prologues.  These may be specified on the Ghostscript
command line, e.g.,
	gs prologue.ini myfile.ps

X Windows
---------

Ghostscript looks for the following resources under the program name
"ghostscript" and class name "Ghostscript":

	Name			Class			Default
	----			-----			-------
	background		Background		white
	foreground		Foreground		black
	borderColor		BorderColor		black
	borderWidth		BorderWidth		1
	geometry		Geometry		NULL
	xResolution		Resolution		**
	yResolution		Resolution		**
	useExternalFonts	UseExternalFonts	true
	useScalableFonts	UseScalableFonts	true
	logExternalFonts	LogExternalFonts	false
	externalFontTolerance	ExternalFontTolerance	10.0
	palette			Palette			Color
	maxGrayRamp		MaxGrayRamp		128
	maxRGBRamp		MaxRGBRamp		5
        maxDynamicColors	MaxDynamicColors	256
	useBackingPixmap	UseBackingPixmap	true
	useXPutImage		UseXPutImage		true
	useXSetTile		UseXSetTile		true
	regularFonts		RegularFonts		see below
	symbolFonts		SymbolFonts		see below
	dingbatFonts		DingbatFonts		see below

** Calculated from display metrics.

    Notes on Resources:

	Ghostscript doesn't look at the default system background and
	foreground colors; if you want to change the background or
	foreground color, you must set them explicitly for Ghostscript.
	(This is a deliberate choice, so that PostScript documents will
	display correctly -- with white = white and black = black --
	by default, even if text windows use other colors.)

	The geometry resource only affects window placement.

	Resolution is given in pixels per inch.

	The font tolerance gives largest acceptable difference in
	height of the screen font.  The tolerance is expressed as
	a percentage of the height of the desired font.

	The palette resource can be used to restrict ghostscript to
	using a grayscale or monochrome palette.

	The maxRGBRamp and maxGrayRamp control the maximum number of
	colors that ghostscript allocates ahead of time for the dither
	cube/ramp.  Ghostscript will never preallocate more than half
	of the cells in a colormap.  maxDynamicColors controls the
	maximum number of colors that Ghostscript will allocate
	dynamically in the colormap.

The use... resources exist primarily to work around bugs in X servers.  In
particular, many versions of DEC's X server (DECwindows) have bugs that
require setting useXPutImage or useXSetTile to false.

	Some servers do not implement backing pixmaps properly, or do not
	have enough memory for them.  If you get strange behavior or "out
	of memory" messages, try setting useBackingPixmap to false.

	Some servers do not implement tiling properly.  This will show up
	as broad bands of color where dither patterns should appear.  If
	this happens, try setting useXSetTile to false.

	Some servers do not implement bitmap/pixmap displaying properly.
	This may show up as white or black rectangles where characters
	should appear, or characters may appear in "inverse video" (e.g.,
	white on a black rectangle).  If this happens, try setting
	useXPutImage to false.

To use native X11 fonts, Ghostscript must map PostScript font names to
the XLFD font names.  The regularFonts, symbolFonts, and dingbatFonts
resources give the name mapping for different encodings.  The XLFD font 
name in the mapping must contain seven dashes.  The X driver adds the
additional size and encoding fields to bring the total number of dashes
in the font name to 14.  Here are the default font mappings:

  Regular Fonts: (Fonts available in standard or ISO-Latin-1 encoding)

    AvantGarde-Book:-Adobe-ITC Avant Garde Gothic-Book-R-Normal--\n\
    AvantGarde-BookOblique:-Adobe-ITC Avant Garde Gothic-Book-O-Normal--\n\
    AvantGarde-Demi:-Adobe-ITC Avant Garde Gothic-Demi-R-Normal--\n\
    AvantGarde-DemiOblique:-Adobe-ITC Avant Garde Gothic-Demi-O-Normal--\n\
    Bookman-Demi:-Adobe-ITC Bookman-Demi-R-Normal--\n\
    Bookman-DemiItalic:-Adobe-ITC Bookman-Demi-I-Normal--\n\
    Bookman-Light:-Adobe-ITC Bookman-Light-R-Normal--\n\
    Bookman-LightItalic:-Adobe-ITC Bookman-Light-I-Normal--\n\
    Courier:-Adobe-Courier-Medium-R-Normal--\n\
    Courier-Bold:-Adobe-Courier-Bold-R-Normal--\n\
    Courier-BoldOblique:-Adobe-Courier-Bold-O-Normal--\n\
    Courier-Oblique:-Adobe-Courier-Medium-O-Normal--\n\
    Helvetica:-Adobe-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--\n\
    Helvetica-Bold:-Adobe-Helvetica-Bold-R-Normal--\n\
    Helvetica-BoldOblique:-Adobe-Helvetica-Bold-O-Normal--\n\
    Helvetica-Narrow:-Adobe-Helvetica-Medium-R-Narrow--\n\
    Helvetica-Narrow-Bold:-Adobe-Helvetica-Bold-R-Narrow--\n\
    Helvetica-Narrow-BoldOblique:-Adobe-Helvetica-Bold-O-Narrow--\n\
    Helvetica-Narrow-Oblique:-Adobe-Helvetica-Medium-O-Narrow--\n\
    Helvetica-Oblique:-Adobe-Helvetica-Medium-O-Normal--\n\
    NewCenturySchlbk-Bold:-Adobe-New Century Schoolbook-Bold-R-Normal--\n\
    NewCenturySchlbk-BoldItalic:-Adobe-New Century Schoolbook-Bold-I-Normal--\n\
    NewCenturySchlbk-Italic:-Adobe-New Century Schoolbook-Medium-I-Normal--\n\
    NewCenturySchlbk-Roman:-Adobe-New Century Schoolbook-Medium-R-Normal--\n\
    Palatino-Bold:-Adobe-Palatino-Bold-R-Normal--\n\
    Palatino-BoldItalic:-Adobe-Palatino-Bold-I-Normal--\n\
    Palatino-Italic:-Adobe-Palatino-Medium-I-Normal--\n\
    Palatino-Roman:-Adobe-Palatino-Medium-R-Normal--\n\
    Times-Bold:-Adobe-Times-Bold-R-Normal--\n\
    Times-BoldItalic:-Adobe-Times-Bold-I-Normal--\n\
    Times-Italic:-Adobe-Times-Medium-I-Normal--\n\
    Times-Roman:-Adobe-Times-Medium-R-Normal--\n\
    ZapfChancery-MediumItalic:-Adobe-ITC Zapf Chancery-Medium-I-Normal--

  Symbol Fonts:  (using Symbol encoding)

    Symbol: -Adobe-Symbol-Medium-R-Normal--

  Dingbat Fonts: (using Dingbat encoding)

    ZapfDingbats: -Adobe-ITC Zapf Dingbats-Medium-R-Normal--

For X11/NeWS, one can use the OpenWindows scalable fonts instead, which
will give good quality output for any point size.  In this environment,
the relevant section of the resource file should look like this:

Ghostscript.regularFonts: \
	AvantGarde-Book:		-itc-avantgarde-book-r-normal-- \n\
	AvantGarde-BookOblique:		-itc-avantgarde-book-o-normal-- \n\
	AvantGarde-Demi:		-itc-avantgarde-demi-r-normal-- \n\
	AvantGarde-DemiOblique:		-itc-avantgarde-demi-o-normal-- \n\
	Bembo:				-monotype-bembo-medium-r-normal-- \n\
	Bembo-Bold:			-monotype-bembo-bold-r-normal-- \n\
	Bembo-BoldItalic:		-monotype-bembo-bold-i-normal-- \n\
	Bembo-Italic:			-monotype-bembo-medium-i-normal-- \n\
	Bookman-Demi:			-itc-bookman-demi-r-normal-- \n\
	Bookman-DemiItalic:		-itc-bookman-demi-i-normal-- \n\
	Bookman-Light:			-itc-bookman-light-r-normal-- \n\
	Bookman-LightItalic:		-itc-bookman-light-i-normal-- \n\
	Courier:			-itc-courier-medium-r-normal-- \n\
	Courier-Bold:			-itc-courier-bold-r-normal-- \n\
	Courier-BoldOblique:		-itc-courier-bold-o-normal-- \n\
	Courier-Oblique:		-itc-courier-medium-o-normal-- \n\
	GillSans:			-monotype-gill-medium-r-normal-sans- \n\
	GillSans-Bold:			-monotype-gill-bold-r-normal-sans- \n\
	GillSans-BoldItalic:		-monotype-gill-bold-i-normal-sans- \n\
	GillSans-Italic:		-monotype-gill-normal-i-normal-sans- \n\
	Helvetica:			-linotype-helvetica-medium-r-normal-- \n\
	Helvetica-Bold:			-linotype-helvetica-bold-r-normal-- \n\
	Helvetica-BoldOblique:		-linotype-helvetica-bold-o-normal-- \n\
	Helvetica-Narrow:		-linotype-helvetica-medium-r-narrow-- \n\
	Helvetica-Narrow-Bold:		-linotype-helvetica-bold-r-narrow-- \n\
	Helvetica-Narrow-BoldOblique:	-linotype-helvetica-bold-o-narrow-- \n\
	Helvetica-Narrow-Oblique:	-linotype-helvetica-medium-o-narrow-- \n\
	Helvetica-Oblique:		-linotype-helvetica-medium-o-normal-- \n\
	LucidaBright:			-b&h-lucidabright-medium-r-normal-- \n\
	LucidaBright-Demi:		-b&h-lucidabright-demibold-r-normal-- \n\
	LucidaBright-DemiItalic:	-b&h-lucidabright-demibold-i-normal-- \n\
	LucidaBright-Italic:		-b&h-lucidabright-medium-i-normal-- \n\
	LucidaSans:			-b&h-lucida-medium-r-normal-sans- \n\
	LucidaSans-Bold:		-b&h-lucida-bold-r-normal-sans- \n\
	LucidaSans-BoldItalic:		-b&h-lucida-bold-i-normal-sans- \n\
	LucidaSans-Italic:		-b&h-lucida-medium-i-normal-sans- \n\
	LucidaSans-Typewriter:		-b&h-lucidatypewriter-medium-r-normal-sans- \n\
	LucidaSans-TypewriterBold:	-b&h-lucidatypewriter-bold-r-normal-sans- \n\
	NewCenturySchlbk-BoldItalic:	-linotype-new century schoolbook-bold-i-normal-- \n\
	NewCenturySchlbk-Bold:		-linotype-new century schoolbook-bold-r-normal-- \n\
	NewCenturySchlbk-Italic:	-linotype-new century schoolbook-medium-i-normal-- \n\
	NewCenturySchlbk-Roman:		-linotype-new century schoolbook-medium-r-normal-- \n\
	Palatino-Bold:			-linotype-palatino-bold-r-normal-- \n\
	Palatino-BoldItalic:		-linotype-palatino-bold-i-normal-- \n\
	Palatino-Italic:		-linotype-palatino-medium-i-normal-- \n\
	Palatino-Roman:			-linotype-palatino-medium-r-normal-- \n\
	Rockwell:			-monotype-rockwell-medium-r-normal-- \n\
	Rockwell-Bold:			-monotype-rockwell-bold-r-normal-- \n\
	Rockwell-BoldItalic:		-monotype-rockwell-bold-i-normal-- \n\
	Rockwell-Italic:		-monotype-rockwell-medium-i-normal-- \n\
	Times-Bold:			-linotype-times-bold-r-normal-- \n\
	Times-BoldItalic:		-linotype-times-bold-i-normal-- \n\
	Times-Italic:			-linotype-times-medium-i-normal-- \n\
	Times-Roman:			-linotype-times-medium-r-normal-- \n\
	Utopia-Bold:			-adobe-utopia-bold-r-normal-- \n\
	Utopia-BoldItalic:		-adobe-utopia-bold-i-normal-- \n\
	Utopia-Italic:			-adobe-utopia-regular-i-normal-- \n\
	Utopia-Regular:			-adobe-utopia-regular-r-normal-- \n\
	ZapfChancery-MediumItalic:	-itc-zapfchancery-medium-i-normal-- \n
Ghostscript.dingbatFonts: \
	ZapfDingbats:			-itc-zapfdingbats-medium-r-normal--
Ghostscript.symbolFonts: \
	Symbol:				--symbol-medium-r-normal--

Users who switch regularly between different X servers may wish to use the
'*' wild card in place of the foundry name (itc, monotype, linotype, b&h,
or adobe); users who do not switch X servers should leave the explicit
foundry in the name, since it speeds up font accessing.

To set these resources, put them in a file (such as ~/.Xdefaults) in the
following form:

Ghostscript*geometry:	-0+0
Ghostscript*xResolution: 72
Ghostscript*yResolution: 72

Then load the defaults into the X server:

% xrdb -merge ~/.Xdefaults

Ghostscript will take advantage of the "HP XLFD Enhancements," if
available, to use native X11 fonts for fonts that are anamorphically
scaled, rotated, or mirrored.  If the user has installed these changes to
their X or font server, they will automatically be used when appropriate.

SCO Unix
--------

Because of bugs in the SCO Unix kernel, Ghostscript will not work if you
select direct screen output (gdevsco.c) and also allow it to write messages
on the console.  If you are using direct screen output, redirect
Ghostscript's terminal output to a file.

********
******** Switches
********

Unless otherwise noted, these apply to all platforms.

Normal switches
---------------

    Input control
    -------------

	@filename
		Causes Ghostscript to read filename and treat its
		contents the same as the command line.  (This is
		intended primarily for getting around MS-DOS's
		128-character limit on the length of a command line.)
		Switches or file names in the file may be separated by
		any amount of white space (space, tab, line break);
		there is no limit on the size of the file.

	-- filename arg1 ...
	-+ filename arg1 ...