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<!DOCTYPE doctype PUBLIC "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en"><html xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml"xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word"xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><head><meta http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"><meta name=ProgId content=Word.Document><meta name=Generator content="Microsoft Word 10"><meta name=Originator content="Microsoft Word 10"><link rel=File-List href="power_wind_dfig_fichiers/filelist.xml"><title>power_wind_dfig demo</title><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:DocumentProperties> <o:Author>Informatique</o:Author> <o:LastAuthor>Informatique</o:LastAuthor> <o:Revision>2</o:Revision> <o:TotalTime>1</o:TotalTime> <o:Created>2005-06-07T18:20:00Z</o:Created> <o:LastSaved>2005-06-07T18:21:00Z</o:LastSaved> <o:Pages>1</o:Pages> <o:Words>1104</o:Words> <o:Characters>6076</o:Characters> <o:Company>Hydro-Qu閎ec - IREQ</o:Company> <o:Lines>50</o:Lines> <o:Paragraphs>14</o:Paragraphs> <o:CharactersWithSpaces>7166</o:CharactersWithSpaces> <o:Version>10.4219</o:Version> </o:DocumentProperties></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:Zoom>BestFit</w:Zoom> <w:SpellingState>Clean</w:SpellingState> <w:GrammarState>Clean</w:GrammarState> <w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument></xml><![endif]--><link rel=Stylesheet type="text/css" media=all href=psb2machines.css><style><!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";}a:link, span.MsoHyperlink {color:blue; text-decoration:underline; text-underline:single;}a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed {color:purple; text-decoration:underline; text-underline:single;}p {font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";}p.body, li.body, div.body {mso-style-name:body; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";}span.SpellE {mso-style-name:""; mso-spl-e:yes;}span.GramE {mso-style-name:""; mso-gram-e:yes;}@page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt; mso-header-margin:35.4pt; mso-footer-margin:35.4pt; mso-paper-source:0;}div.Section1 {page:Section1;} /* List Definitions */ @list l0 {mso-list-id:552817072; mso-list-template-ids:150890812;}ol {margin-bottom:0cm;}ul {margin-bottom:0cm;}--></style><!--[if gte mso 10]><style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tableau Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";}</style><![endif]--><!-- $Revision: 1.1.8.2 $ --><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="2050"/></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body bgcolor=white lang=FR-CA link=blue vlink=purple style='tab-interval:35.4pt'><div class=Section1><div><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-CA style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Arial;color:#990000;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA'>Operation of a Doubly-FedInduction Generator (DFIG) Driven by a Wind Turbine</span></b><span lang=EN-CAstyle='mso-ansi-language:EN-CA'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p><span lang=EN-CA style='mso-ansi-language:EN-CA'>By Richard Gagnon, Bernard <spanclass=SpellE>Saulnier</span>, Alain Forcione<span class=GramE> (</span>Hydro-Quebec)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-CA style='color:red;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA'>Note:This demo uses a generic model of a DFIG wind turbine. The model is useful foreducation and academic works. Other models of wind turbines usingindustrial-type controllers are used at Hydro-Quebec Research Institute (IREQ)for wind generation studies. For information, please contact:</span><spanlang=EN-CA style='mso-ansi-language:EN-CA'> <ahref="mailto:gagnon.richard@ireq.ca">gagnon.richard@ireq.ca</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-CA style='mso-ansi-language:EN-CA'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-CA style='mso-ansi-language:EN-CA'>A 9-MW windfarm consisting of six 1.5 MW wind turbines connected to a 25-kV distributionsystem exports power to a 120-kV grid through a 30-km, 25-kV feeder. A 2300V,2-MVA plant consisting of a motor load (1.68 MW induction motor at 0.93 PF) andof a 200-kW resistive load is connected on the same feeder at bus B25. Both thewind turbine and the motor load have a protection system monitoring voltage,current and machine speed. The DC link voltage of the DFIG is also monitored.<br> <br>Wind turbines use a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) consisting of a woundrotor induction generator and an AC/DC/AC IGBT-based PWM converter. Thestator winding is connected directly to the 60 Hz grid while the rotor is fedat variable frequency through the AC/DC/AC converter. The DFIG technologyallows extracting maximum energy from the wind for low wind speeds byoptimizing the turbine speed, while minimizing mechanical stresses on theturbine during gusts of wind. The optimum turbine speed producing maximummechanical energy for a given wind speed is proportional to the wind speed. Forwind speeds lower than 10 m/s the rotor is running at <span class=SpellE>subsynchronous</span><span class=GramE>speed .</span> At high wind speed it is running at <spanclass=SpellE>hypersynchronous</span> speed. Open the turbine menu, select"Turbine data" and <span class=GramE>check "</span>Displaywind-turbine power characteristics". The turbine mechanical power asfunction of turbine speed is displayed for wind speeds ranging from 5 m/s to16.2 m/s. The DFIG is controlled in order to follow the red curve. Turbinespeed optimization is obtained between point B and point C on this curve. Anotheradvantage of the DFIG technology is the ability for power electronic convertersto generate or absorb reactive power, thus eliminating the need for installingcapacitor banks as in the case of squirrel-cage induction generators.<br><br>The wind-turbine model is a <span class=SpellE>phasor</span> model that allowstransient stability type studies with long simulation times. In this demo, thesystem is observed during 50 s.<br><br>Open the wind turbine block menu and look at the four sets of parametersspecified for the turbine, the generator and the converters (grid-side androtor-side). The 6-wind-turbine farm is simulated by a single wind-turbineblock by multiplying the following three parameters by six, as follows: <o:p></o:p></span></p><ol start=1 type=1> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span lang=EN-CA style='mso-ansi-language:EN-CA'> the nominal wind turbine mechanical output: 6*1.5e6 watts, specified in the Turbine data menu <o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span lang=EN-CA style='mso-ansi-language:EN-CA'> the generator rated power: 6*1.5/0.9 MVA (6*1.5 MW at 0.9 PF), specified in the Generator data menu<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span lang=EN-CA style='mso-ansi-language:EN-CA'> the nominal DC bus capacitor: 6*10000 microfarads, specified in the Converters data menu <o:p></o:p></span></li></ol><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-CA style='mso-ansi-language:EN-CA'>Also,notice in the Control parameters menu that the "Mode of operation" isset to <span class=GramE>" Voltage</span> regulation". The terminalvoltage will be controlled to a value imposed by the reference voltage (<spanclass=SpellE>Vref</span> = 1 <span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>pu</span></span>)and the voltage droop (Xs = 0.02 <span class=SpellE>pu</span>). <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-CA style='mso-ansi-language:EN-CA'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-CA style='font-family:Arial;color:#000099;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA'>Demonstration </span></b><span lang=EN-CAstyle='mso-ansi-language:EN-CA'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-CA style='font-family:Arial;color:#000099;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA'>1. Turbine response to a change in wind speed</span></b><spanlang=EN-CA style='mso-ansi-language:EN-CA'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-CA style='mso-ansi-language:EN-CA'>Open the"Wind Speed" step block specifying the wind speed. Initially, windspeed is set at 8 m/s, then at t = 5s, wind speed increases suddenly at 14 m/s.Start simulation and observe the signals on the "Wind Turbine" scopemonitoring the wind turbine voltage, current, generated active and reactive powers,DC bus voltage and turbine speed. At t = 5 s, the generated active powerstarts increasing smoothly (together with the turbine speed) to reach its ratedvalue of 9 MW in approximately 15 s. Over that time frame the turbine speedwill have increased from 0.8 <span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>pu</span></span>to 1.21 <span class=SpellE>pu</span>. Initially, the pitch angle of the turbineblades is zero degree and the turbine operating point follows the red curve ofthe turbine power characteristics up to point D. Then the pitch angle isincreased from 0 deg to 0.76 deg in order to limit the mechanical power. Observealso<span class=GramE> the</span> voltage and the generated reactivepower. The reactive power is controlled to maintain a 1 <span class=SpellE><spanclass=GramE>pu</span></span> voltage. At nominal power, the wind turbineabsorbs 0.68 <span class=SpellE>Mvar</span> (generated Q = -0.68 <spanclass=SpellE>Mvar</span>) to control voltage at 1pu. If you change the mode ofoperation to "<span class=SpellE>Var</span> regulation<span class=GramE>" with</span> the "Generated reactive power <span class=SpellE>Qref</span>" set to zero, you will observe that voltage increases to 1.021 <spanclass=SpellE>pu</span> when the wind turbine generates its nominal power atunity power factor. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=body><b><span lang=EN-CA style='font-family:Arial;color:#000099;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA'>2. Simulation of a voltage sag on the 120-kVsystem</span></b><span lang=EN-CA style='mso-ansi-language:EN-CA'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=body><span lang=EN-CA style='mso-ansi-language:EN-CA'>You will nowobserve the impact of <span class=GramE>a voltage</span> sag resulting from aremote fault on the 120-kV system. First, in the wind speed step block, disablethe wind speed step by changing the Final value from 14 to 8 m/s. Then open the120-kV voltage source menu. In the parameter "Time variationof", select <span class=GramE>" Amplitude</span>". A<spanclass=GramE> 0.15</span> <span class=SpellE>pu</span> voltage droplasting 0.5 s is programmed to occur at t = 5 s. Make sure that the controlmode is still in <span class=SpellE>Var</span> regulation with <spanclass=SpellE>Qref</span> = 0. Start simulation <span class=GramE>and open</span>the "Grid" scope. Observe the plant voltage and current as well asthe motor speed. Note that the wind farm produces 1.87 MW. At t = 5 s,the voltage falls below 0.9 <span class=SpellE>pu</span> and at t = 5.22 s, theprotection system trips the plant because an <span class=SpellE>undervoltage</span>lasting more than<span class=GramE> 0.2</span> s has been detected (lookat the protection settings and status in the "Plant" subsystem). Theplant current falls to zero and motor speed decreases gradually, while the windfarm continues generating at a power level of 1.87 MW. After the plant hastripped, 1.25 MW of power (P_B25 measured at bus B25) is exported to the grid.<br><br>Now, change the wind turbine control mode to "Voltage regulation" andrepeat the test. You will notice that the plant does not trip anymore. Thisis because the voltage support provided by the 5 <span class=SpellE>Mvar</span>reactive power generated by the wind-turbines during the voltage sag keeps theplant voltage above<span class=GramE> the</span> 0.9 <span class=SpellE>pu</span>protection threshold. The plant voltage during the voltage sag is now 0.93 <spanclass=SpellE><span class=GramE>pu</span></span>. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=body><b><span lang=EN-CA style='font-family:Arial;color:#000099;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA'>3. Simulation of a fault on the 25-kV system</span></b><spanlang=EN-CA style='mso-ansi-language:EN-CA'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-CA style='mso-ansi-language:EN-CA'>Finally,you will now observe impact of a single phase-to-ground fault occurring on the25-kV line at B25 bus. First disable the 120-kV voltage step. Now open the"Fault" block menu and select "Phase <span class=GramE>A</span>Fault". Check that the fault is programmed to apply a 9-cycle single-phaseto ground fault at t = 5 s.<br><br>You should observe that when the wind turbine is in "Voltageregulation" mode, the positive-sequence voltage at wind-turbine terminals(V1_B575) drops to 0.8 <span class=SpellE>pu</span> during the fault,which is above the <span class=SpellE>undervoltage</span> protection threshold(0.75 <span class=SpellE>pu</span> for a t > 0.1 s). The wind farm thereforestays in service. However, if<span class=GramE> the</span> "<spanclass=SpellE>Var</span> regulation" mode is used with <span class=SpellE>Qref</span>= 0, the voltage drops under 0.7 <span class=SpellE>pu</span> and the <spanclass=SpellE>undervoltage</span> protection trips the wind farm. We can nowobserve that the turbine speed increases. At t= 40 s the pitch angle starts toincrease in order to limit the speed.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></body></html>⌨️ 快捷键说明
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