📄 三十分钟掌握stl.htm
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<TD bgColor=#d0e0ff height=16>三十分钟掌握STL </TD></TR>
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<TD><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这是本小人书。原名是《</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US>using stl</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">》，不知道是谁写的。不过我倒觉得很有趣，所以化了两个晚上把它翻译出来。我没有对翻译出来的内容校验过。如果你没法在三十分钟内觉得有所收获，那么赶紧扔了它。文中我省略了很多东西。心疼那，浪费我两个晚上。</SPAN>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">译者：</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US>kary</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>contact:karymay@163.net</SPAN></P>
<H2><SPAN lang=EN-US>STL</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial">概述</SPAN></H2>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>STL</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的一个重要特点是数据结构和算法的分离。尽管这是个简单的概念，但这种分离确实使得</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US>STL</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">变得非常通用。例如，由于</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US>STL</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US>sort()</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">函数是完全通用的，你可以用它来操作几乎任何数据集合，包括链表，容器和数组。</SPAN></P>
<H3 class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">要点</SPAN></H3>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>STL</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">算法作为模板函数提供。为了和其他组件相区别，在本书中</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US>STL</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">算法以后接一对圆括弧的方式表示，例如</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US>sort()</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>STL</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">另一个重要特性是它不是面向对象的。为了具有足够通用性，</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US>STL</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">主要依赖于模板而不是封装，继承和虚函数（多态性）——</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US>OOP</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的三个要素。你在</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US>STL</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中找不到任何明显的类继承关系。这好像是一种倒退，但这正好是使得</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US>STL</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的组件具有广泛通用性的底层特征。另外，由于</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US>STL</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是基于模板，内联函数的使用使得生成的代码短小高效。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">提示</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">确保在编译使用了</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US>STL</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的程序中至少要使用</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US>-O</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">优化来保证内联扩展。</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US>STL</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">提供了大量的模板类和函数，可以在</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US>OOP</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和常规编程中使用。所有的</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US>STL</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的大约</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US>50</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个算法都是完全通用的，而且不依赖于任何特定的数据类型。下面的小节说明了三个基本的</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US>STL</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">组件：</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 57.75pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt; tab-stops: list 57.75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>1）<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">迭代器提供了访问容器中对象的方法。例如，可以使用一对迭代器指定</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US>list</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">或</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US>vector</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中的一定范围的对象。迭代器就如同一个指针。事实上，</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US>C++</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的指针也是一种迭代器。但是，迭代器也可以是那些定义了</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US>operator*()</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以及其他类似于指针的操作符地方法的类对象。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 57.75pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt; tab-stops: list 57.75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>2）<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">容器是一种数据结构，如</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US>list</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US>vector</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，和</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US>deques </SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，以模板类的方法提供。为了访问容器中的数据，可以使用由容器类输出的迭代器。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 57.75pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt; tab-stops: list 57.75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>3）<SPAN
style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">
</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">算法是用来操作容器中的数据的模板函数。例如，</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US>STL</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">用</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US>sort()</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">来对一个</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US>vector</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中的数据进行排序，用</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US>find()</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">来搜索一个</SPAN><SPAN
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