g++faq.texi

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\input texinfo.tex      @c -*-texinfo-*-
@c %**start of header
@setfilename g++FAQ.info
@settitle Frequently asked questions about the GNU C++ compiler
@setchapternewpage off
@c version: @(#)g++FAQ.texi	1.56 09/15/97
@c %**end of header

@iftex
@finalout
@end iftex
@titlepage
@title G++ FAQ
@subtitle Frequently asked questions about the GNU C++ compiler
@subtitle September 14, 1997
@sp 1
@author Joe Buck
@page
@end titlepage

@ifinfo
@node Top, basics, (dir), (dir)
@top
@unnumbered FAQ for g++ and libg++, by Joe Buck (jbuck@@synopsys.com)
@end ifinfo

@cindex FAQ for g++, latest version
@cindex Archive site for FAQ lists
@cindex rtfm.mit.edu
@cindex Joe Buck <jbuck@@synopsys.com>
@cindex FAQ for C++

This is a list of frequently asked questions (FAQ) for g++ users; thanks to
all those who sent suggestions for improvements.  Thanks to Marcus Speh
for doing the index.  A hypertext version is available on the World Wide
Web at @file{http://www.cygnus.com/misc/g++FAQ_toc.html}.

This document has just been reorganized a bit.  There is some new
information about upcoming g++ releases and egcs; more needs to be done
but that will need to wait for next time.  A diff would look misleadingly
large, since I blew away and rebuilt the texinfo menus.

Please send updates and corrections to the FAQ to
@code{jbuck@@synopsys.com}.  Please do @emph{not} use me as a resource
to get your questions answered; that's what @file{gnu.g++.help} is for and I
don't have the time to support the net's use of g++.

Many FAQs, including this one, are available on the archive site
``rtfm.mit.edu''; see @*
@file{ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers}.
This FAQ may be found in the subdirectory g++-FAQ.

@cindex Marshall Cline 
@cindex comp.lang.c++
@cindex C++ FAQ
This FAQ is intended to supplement, not replace, Marshall Cline's
excellent FAQ for the C++ language and for the newsgroup
@file{comp.lang.c++}.  Especially if g++ is the first C++
compiler you've ever used, the question ``How do I do <X> with g++?''
is probably really ``How do I do <X> in C++?''.
You can find this FAQ at
@file{ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/comp.lang.c++},
or in HTML form at @file{http://www.cerfnet.com/~mpcline/On-Line-C++-FAQs/}.

@menu
* basics::                      What is g++?  How do I get it?
* installation::                How to install, installation problems
* evolution::                   The Evolution of g++
* User Problems::               Commonly reported problems and bugs
* legalities::                  Lawyer stuff, GPL, LGPL, etc.
* index::                       Index of terms

 --- The Detailed Node Listing ---

The basics: what is g++?

* latest versions::             
* g++ for Unix::                
* g++ for HP::                  
* g++ for Solaris 2.x::         
* g++ for other platforms::     
* 1.x vs 2.x versions::         

Installation Issues and Problems

* gcc-2 + g++-1::               
* what else do I need?::        
* use GNU linker?::             
* Use GNU assembler?::          
* shared libraries::            
* repository::                  
* repo bugs::                   
* Use GNU C library?::          
* Global constructor problems::  
* Strange assembler errors::    
* Other problems building libg++::  
* More size_t problems::        
* Rebuild libg++?::             
* co-existing versions::        
* Installing on Linux::         
* Linux Slackware 3.0::         

The Evolution of g++

* version 2.7.x::               
* libstdc++::                   
* new work::                    
* egcs::                        
* When?::                       

User Problems

* missing virtual table::       
* for scope::                   
* const constructor::           
* unused parameter warnings::   
* jump crosses initialization::  
* Demangler::                   
* static data members::         
* internal compiler error::     
* bug reports::                 
* porting to g++::              
* name mangling::               
* problems linking with other libraries::  
* documentation::               
* templates::                   
* undefined templates::         
* redundant templates::         
* Standard Template Library::   
* STL and string::              
* exceptions::                  
* namespaces::                  
* agreement with standards::    
* compiling standard libraries::  
* debugging on SVR4 systems::   
* debugging problems on Solaris::  
* X11 conflicts with libg++::   
* assignment to streams::       
@end menu

@node basics, installation, Top, Top
@chapter The basics: what is g++?

@cindex Free Software Foundation
@cindex GNU Public License
@cindex GPL

g++ is the traditional nickname of GNU C++, a freely redistributable
C++ compiler produced by the Free Software Foundation plus dozens of
skilled volunteers.  I say ``traditional nickname'' because the GNU
compiler suite, gcc, bundles together compilers for C, Objective-C,
and C++ in one package.

While the source code to gcc/g++ can be downloaded for free,
it is not public domain, but is protected by the GNU Public License,
or GPL (@pxref{legalities}).

@menu
* latest versions::             
* g++ for Unix::                
* g++ for HP::                  
* g++ for Solaris 2.x::         
* g++ for other platforms::     
* 1.x vs 2.x versions::         
@end menu

@node latest versions, g++ for Unix, basics, basics
@section What is the latest version of gcc, g++, and libg++?

@cindex gcc/g++, version date
The current version of gcc/g++ is 2.7.2.3, released August 20, 1997.
Although that looks very recent, the only change is a minor patch to
resolve a problem with Linux and the GNU C library; users not interested
in that functionality have no reason to upgrade.

The current version of libg++ is 2.7.2, released July 4, 1996.
The last release of gcc/g++ with improvements to the C++ front end was
2.7.2, released Nov. 25, 1995, nearly two years ago.

I would strongly recommend that anyone using a g++ version earlier
than 2.7.2 should upgrade if at all possible (@pxref{version 2.7.x}).

For some non-Unix platforms, the latest port of gcc may be an earlier
version (2.6.3, say).  You'll need to use a version of libg++ that
has the same first two digits as the compiler version, e.g. use libg++
2.6.x (for the latest x you can find) with gcc version 2.6.3.

The latest "1.x" version of gcc is 1.42, and the latest "1.x" version of
g++ is 1.42.0.
While gcc 1.42 is quite usable for C programs,
I recommend against using g++ 1.x except in special circumstances
(and I can't think of any such circumstances).

@node g++ for Unix, g++ for HP, latest versions, basics
@section How do I get a copy of g++ for Unix?

First, you may already have it if you have gcc for your platform;
g++ and gcc are combined now (as of gcc version 2.0).
@cindex GNU gcc, version
@cindex GNU g++ and gcc

You can get g++ from a friend who has a copy, by anonymous FTP or
UUCP, or by ordering a tape or CD-ROM from the Free Software
Foundation.
@cindex g++, ordering
@cindex g++, getting a copy

The Free Software Foundation is a nonprofit organization that
distributes software and manuals to raise funds for more GNU
development.  Getting your copy from the FSF contributes directly to
paying staff to develop GNU software.  CD-ROMs cost $400 if an
organization is buying, or $100 if an individual is buying.  Tapes
cost around $200 depending on media type.  I recommend asking for
version 2, not version 1, of g++.
@cindex FSF [Free Software Foundation]
@cindex GNU [GNU's not unix]

For more information about ordering from the FSF, contact
gnu@@prep.ai.mit.edu, phone [phone] or anonymous ftp file
@file{ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/GNUinfo/ORDERS} (you can
also use one of the sites listed below if you can't get into ``prep'').

@cindex FSF, contact <gnu@@prep.ai.mit.edu>

Here is a list of anonymous FTP archive sites for GNU software.
If no directory is given, look in @file{/pub/gnu}.

@cindex GNUware, anonymous FTP sites

@example
ASIA: ftp.cs.titech.ac.jp, tron.um.u-tokyo.ac.jp:/pub/GNU/prep
cair-archive.kaist.ac.kr, ftp.nectec.or.th:/pub/mirrors/gnu

AUSTRALIA: archie.au:/gnu (archie.oz or archie.oz.au for ACSnet)

AFRICA: ftp.sun.ac.za

MIDDLE-EAST: ftp.technion.ac.il:/pub/unsupported/gnu

EUROPE: irisa.irisa.fr, ftp.univ-lyon1.fr,
ftp.mcc.ac.uk, unix.hensa.ac.uk:/mirrors/uunet/systems/gnu,
src.doc.ic.ac.uk:/gnu, ftp.ieunet.ie, ftp.eunet.ch,
nic.switch.ch:/mirror/gnu, ftp.informatik.rwth-aachen.de,
ftp.informatik.tu-muenchen.de, ftp.win.tue.nl, ftp.nl.net,
ftp.etsimo.uniovi.es, ftp.funet.fi, ftp.denet.dk,
ftp.stacken.kth.se, isy.liu.se, ftp.luth.se:/pub/unix/gnu,
ftp.sunet.se, archive.eu.net

SOUTH AMERICA: ftp.inf.utfsm.cl, ftp.unicamp.br

WESTERN CANADA: ftp.cs.ubc.ca:/mirror2/gnu

USA: wuarchive.wustl.edu:/systems/gnu, labrea.stanford.edu,
ftp.digex.net, ftp.kpc.com:/pub/mirror/gnu, f.ms.uky.edu:/pub3/gnu,
jaguar.utah.edu:/gnustuff, ftp.hawaii.edu:/mirrors/gnu,
uiarchive.cso.uiuc.edu, ftp.cs.columbia.edu:/archives/gnu/prep,
gatekeeper.dec.com:/pub/GNU, ftp.uu.net:/systems/gnu
@end example

The ``official site'' is prep.ai.mit.edu, but your transfer will probably
go faster if you use one of the above machines.

@cindex gzip
Most GNU utilities are compressed with ``gzip'', the GNU compression
utility.  All GNU archive sites should have a copy of this program,
which you will need to uncompress the distributions.

@cindex libg++
Don't forget to retrieve libg++ as well!

@node g++ for HP, g++ for Solaris 2.x, g++ for Unix, basics
@section Getting gcc/g++ for the HP Precision Architecture

@cindex HP Precision Architecture
@cindex Hewlett-Packard
@cindex GNU GAS 
@cindex GNU gdb

If you use the HP Precision Architecture (HP-9000/7xx and HP-9000/8xx)
and you want to use debugging, you'll need to use the GNU assembler, GAS
(version 2.3 or later).  If you build from source, you must tell the
configure program that you are using GAS or you won't get debugging
support.  A non-standard debug format is used, since until recently HP
considered their debug format a trade secret.  Thanks to the work of
lots of good folks both inside and outside HP, the company has seen the
error of its ways and has now released the required information.  The
team at the University of Utah that did the gcc port now has code that
understands the native HP format.

There are binaries for GNU tools in
@file{ftp://jaguar.cs.utah.edu/dist/},
but these are older versions.

Jeff Law has left the University of Utah, so the Utah prebuilt
binaries may be discontinued.

@node g++ for Solaris 2.x, g++ for other platforms, g++ for HP, basics
@section Getting gcc/g++ binaries for Solaris 2.x

``Sun took the C compiler out of Solaris 2.x.  Am I stuck?''

@cindex Solaris
@cindex gcc/g++ binaries for Solaris

You'll need to get prebuilt binaries from someone.

It used to be that you could get GCC binaries from prep.ai.mit.edu;
these are no longer there.

@cindex Solaris pkgadd utility
The WWW site @file{http://smc.vnet.net/solaris_2.5.html}
contains various
GNU and freeware programs for Solaris2.5 running on the sparc. These are
packaged to enable easy installation using the Solaris ``pkgadd'' utility.
These include GNU emacs, gcc, gdb, perl, and others.  These versions
are more recent than the binaries at ``prep'' (gcc 2.7.2 and libg++
2.7.1 are there).

@node g++ for other platforms, 1.x vs 2.x versions, g++ for Solaris 2.x, basics
@section How do I get a copy of g++ for (some other platform)?

@cindex Windows NT support
As of gcc-2.7.x, there is Windows NT support in gcc.  Some special
utilities are required.  See the INSTALL file from the distribution.
If you're interested in GNU tools on Windows NT, see
@file{http://www.cygnus.com/misc/gnu-win32/} on the WWW, or the
anonymous FTP directory
@file{ftp://ftp.cygnus.com/pub/gnu-win32/}.

@cindex VMS support
@cindex VAX
@cindex VMS, g++/libg++ precompiled

The standard gcc/g++ distribution includes VMS support for the Vax.
Since the FSF people don't use VMS, it's likely to be somewhat less
solid than the Unix version.  Precompiled copies of g++ and libg++ in
VMS-installable form for the Vax are available by FTP from
@file{ftp://mango.rsmas.miami.edu/pub/VMS-gcc/}.