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GCC编译器源代码

"system calls."  We are doing small copier runs of this manual until it
becomes more stable.  Please send fixes to `[e-mail]'.

The `Emacs Calc Manual' (for Version 2.02) is both a tutorial and a reference
manual.  It tells how to do ordinary arithmetic, how to use Calc for algebra,
calculus, and other forms of mathematics, and how to extend Calc.

 

GNU Software
************

All our software is available via FTP; see *Note How to Get GNU Software::.
We also offer *Note CD-ROMs::, and printed *Note Documentation::, which
includes manuals and reference cards.  In the articles describing the
contents of each medium, the version number listed after each program name
was current when we published this Bulletin.  When you order a newer CD-ROM,
some of the programs may be newer and therefore the version number higher.
*Note Free Software Foundation Order Form::, for ordering information.

Some of the contents of our FTP distributions are compressed.  We have
software on our FTP sites to uncompress these files.  Due to patent troubles
with `compress', we use another compression program, `gzip'.

You may need to build GNU `make' before you build our other software.  Some
vendors supply no `make' utility at all and some native `make' programs lack
the `VPATH' feature essential for using the GNU configure system to its full
extent.  The GNU `make' sources have a shell script to build `make' itself on
such systems.

We welcome all bug reports and enhancements sent to the appropriate
electronic mailing list (*note Free Software Support::.).

 

Configuring GNU Software
------------------------

We are using Autoconf, a uniform scheme for configuring GNU software packages
in order to compile them (see "Autoconf" and "Automake" below, in this
article).  The goal is to have all GNU software support the same alternatives
for naming machine and system types.

Ultimately, it will be possible to configure and build the entire system all
at once, eliminating the need to configure each individual package separately.

You can also specify both the host and target system to build
cross-compilation tools.  Most GNU programs now use Autoconf-generated
configure scripts.

 

GNU Software Now Available
--------------------------

For future programs and features, see *Note Forthcoming GNUs::.

Key to cross reference:

        BinCD        January 1997 Binaries CD-ROM
        SrcCD        July 1997 Source CD-ROMs

[FSFman] shows that we sell a manual for that package.  [FSFrc] shows we sell
a reference card for that package.  To order them, *Note Free Software
Foundation Order Form::.  *Note Documentation::, for more information on the
manuals.  Source code for each manual or reference card is included with each
package.

   * `abuse'   *Also *note GNUs Flashes::.*   (SrcCD)

     The recently-freed program `abuse' is a dark, side-scrolling game with
     Robotron-esque controls: you control your movement with the keyboard and
     fire & aim with the mouse.  You can get more info at
     `http://crack.com/games/abuse'.

   * acct   (SrcCD)

     acct is a system accounting package.  It includes the programs `ac'
     (summarize login accounting), `accton' (turn accounting on or off),
     `last' (show who has logged in recently), `lastcomm' (show which
     commands have been used), `sa' (summarize process accounting),
     `dump-utmp' (print a `utmp' file in human-readable format), &
     `dump-acct' (print an `acct' or `pacct' file in human-readable format).

   * `acm'   (SrcCD)

     `acm' is a LAN-oriented, multiplayer, aerial combat simulation that runs
     under the X Window System.  Players engage in air to air combat against
     one another using heat seeking missiles and cannons.  We are working on
     a more accurate simulation of real airplane flight characteristics.

   * aegis   (SrcCD)

     Aegis is a transaction-based software configuration management system.
     It provides a framework within which a team of developers may work on
     many changes to a program concurrently, and Aegis coordinates
     integrating these changes back into the master source of the program,
     with as little disruption as possible.

   * Apache   *Also see* `http://www.apache.org/'   (SrcCD)

     Apache is an HTTP server designed as a successor to the NCSA family of
     Web servers.  It adds a significant amount of new functionality, has an
     extensive API for modular enhancements, is extremely flexible without
     compromising speed, and has an active development group and user
     community.

   * Autoconf   (SrcCD)

     Autoconf produces shell scripts which automatically configure source code
     packages.  These scripts adapt the packages to many kinds of Unix-like
     systems without manual user intervention.  Autoconf creates a script for
     a package from a template file which lists the operating system features
     which the package can use, in the form of `m4' macro calls.  Autoconf
     requires GNU `m4' to operate, but the resulting configure scripts it
     generates do not.

   * Automake   (SrcCD)

     Automake is a tool for generating `Makefile.in' files for use with
     Autoconf.  The generated makefiles are compliant with GNU Makefile
     standards.

   * BASH   (SrcCD)

     GNU's shell, BASH (Bourne Again SHell), is compatible with the Unix `sh'
     and offers many extensions found in `csh' and `ksh'.  BASH has job
     control, `csh'-style command history, command-line editing (with Emacs
     and `vi' modes built-in), and the ability to rebind keys via the
     `readline' library.  BASH conforms to the POSIX 1003.2-1992 standard.

   * bc   (SrcCD)

     `bc' is an interactive algebraic language with arbitrary precision
     numbers.  GNU `bc' follows the POSIX 1003.2-1992 standard with several
     extensions, including multi-character variable names, an `else'
     statement, and full Boolean expressions.  The RPN calculator `dc' is now
     distributed as part of the same package, but GNU `bc' is not implemented
     as a `dc' preprocessor.

   * BFD   (BinCD, SrcCD)

     The Binary File Descriptor library allows a program which operates on
     object files (e.g., `ld' or GDB) to support many different formats in a
     clean way.  BFD provides a portable interface, so that only BFD needs to
     know the details of a particular format.  One result is that all
     programs using BFD will support formats such as a.out, COFF, and ELF.
     BFD comes with Texinfo source for a manual (not yet published on paper).

     At present, BFD is not distributed separately; it is included with
     packages that use it.

   * Binutils   (BinCD, SrcCD)

     Binutils includes these programs: `addr2line', `ar', `c++filt', `gas',
     `gprof', `ld', `nm', `objcopy', `objdump', `ranlib', `size', `strings', &
     `strip'.

     Binutils version 2 uses the BFD library.  The GNU assembler, `gas',
     supports the a29k, Alpha, ARM, D10V, H8/300, H8/500, HP-PA, i386, i960,
     M32R, m68k, m88k, MIPS, Matsushita 10200 and 10300, NS32K, PowerPC,
     RS/6000, SH, SPARC, Tahoe, Vax, and Z8000 CPUs, and attempts to be
     compatible with many other assemblers for Unix and embedded systems.  It
     can produce mixed C and assembly listings, and includes a macro facility
     similar to that in some other assemblers.  GNU's linker, `ld', supports
     shared libraries on many systems, emits source-line numbered error
     messages for multiply-defined symbols and undefined references, and
     interprets a superset of AT&T's Linker Command Language, which gives
     control over where segments are placed in memory.  `objdump' can
     disassemble code for most of the CPUs listed above, and can display
     other data (e.g., symbols and relocations) from any file format read by
     BFD.

   * Bison   (BinCD, SrcCD)   [FSFman, FSFrc]

     Bison is an upwardly compatible replacement for the parser generator
     `yacc'.  Texinfo source for the `Bison Manual' and reference card are
     included.

   * C Library (`glibc')   (BinCD, SrcCD)   [FSFman]

     The GNU C library supports ISO C-1989, ISO C/amendment 1-1995, POSIX
     1003.1-1990, POSIX 1003.1b-1993, POSIX 1003.1c-1995 (when the underlying
     system permits), & most of the functions in POSIX 1003.2-1992.  It is
     nearly compliant with the extended XPG4.2 specification which guarantees
     upward compatibility with 4.4BSD & many System V functions.

     When used with the GNU Hurd, the C Library performs many functions of the
     Unix system calls directly.  Mike Haertel has written a fast `malloc'
     which wastes less memory than the old GNU version.

     GNU `stdio' lets you define new kinds of streams, just by writing a few
     C functions.  Two methods for handling translated messages help writing
     internationalized programs & the user can adopt the environment the
     program runs in to conform with local conventions.  Extended `getopt'
     functions are already used to parse options, including long options, in
     many GNU utilities.  The name lookup functions now are modularized which
     makes it easier to select the service which is needed for the specific
     database & the document interface makes it easy to add new services.
     Texinfo source for the `GNU C Library Reference Manual' is included
     (*note Documentation::.).

     Previous versions of the GNU C library ran on a large number of systems.
     The architecture-dependent parts of the C library have not been updated
     since development on version 2.0 started, so today it runs out of the
     box only on GNU/Hurd (all platforms GNU/Hurd also runs on) & GNU/Linux
     (ix86, Alpha, m68k, MIPS, Sparc, PowerPC; work is in progress for ARM).
     Other architectures will become available again as soon as somebody does
     the port.

   * C++ Library (`libg++')   (BinCD, SrcCD)

     The GNU C++ library (traditionally called `libg++') includes libstdc++,
     which implements the library facilities defined by the forthcoming ISO
     C++ standard.  This includes strings, iostream, and various container
     classes.  All of this is templatized.

     The package also contains the older libg++ library for backward
     compatibility, but new programs should avoid using it.

   * Calc   (SrcCD)   [FSFman, FSFrc]

     Calc (written by Dave Gillespie in Emacs Lisp) is an extensible, advanced
     desk calculator & mathematical tool that runs as part of GNU Emacs.  You
     can use Calc as a simple four-function calculator, but it has many more
     features including: choice of algebraic or RPN (stack-based) entry;
     logarithmic, trigonometric, & financial functions; arbitrary precision;
     complex numbers; vectors; matrices; dates; times; infinities; sets;
     algebraic simplification; & differentiation & integration.  It outputs
     to `gnuplot', & comes with source for a manual & reference card (*note
     Documentation::.).

   * `cfengine'   (SrcCD)

     `cfengine' is used to maintain site-wide configuration of a
     heterogeneous Unix network using a simple high level language.  Its
     appearance is similar to `rdist', but allows many more operations to be
     performed automatically.  See Mark Burgess, "A Site Configuration
     Engine", `Computing Systems', Vol. 8, No. 3 (ask `[e-mail]' how
     to get a copy).

   * Chess   (SrcCD)

     GNU Chess enables you to play a game of chess with a computer instead of
     a person.  It is useful to practice with when there are significant
     spare cpu cycles and a real person is unavailable.

     The program offers a plain terminal interface, one using curses, and a
     reasonable X Windows interface `xboard'.  Best results are obtained by
     compiling with GNU C.

     Improvements this past year are in the Windows-compatible version,
     mostly bugfixes.

     Stuart Cracraft started the GNU mascot back in the mid-1980's.  John
     Stanback (and innumerable contributors) are responsible for GNU's brain
     development and its fair play.  Acknowledgements for the past year's
     work are due Conor McCarthy.

     Send bugs to `[e-mail]' & general comments to
     `[e-mail]'.  Visit the author's Web site at
     `http://www.earthlink.net/~cracraft/index.html'.  Play GNU Chess on the
     Web at `http://www.delorie.com/game-room/chess'.

   * CLISP   (SrcCD)

     CLISP is a Common Lisp implementation by Bruno Haible & Michael Stoll.
     It mostly supports the Lisp described by `Common LISP: The Language (2nd
     edition)' & the ANSI Common Lisp standard.  CLISP includes an
     interpreter, a byte-compiler, a large subset of CLOS & a foreign language
     interface.  The user interface language (English, German, French) can be
     chosen at run time.  An X11 API is available through CLX & Garnet.
     CLISP needs only 2 MB of memory & runs on all kinds of Unix systems & on
     many microcomputers (including MS-DOS systems, OS/2, Windows NT, Windows
     95, Amiga 500-4000, & Acorn RISC PC).  See also item "Common Lisp",
     which describes GCL, a complete Common Lisp implementation with compiler.

   * CLX   (SrcCD)

     CLX is an X Window interface library for GCL.  This is separate from the