as.1

MinGW+MSYS必备的开发工具链

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.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "AS 1"
.TH AS 1 "2006-08-25" "binutils-2.17.50" "GNU Development Tools"
.SH "NAME"
AS \- the portable GNU assembler.
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
as [\fB\-a\fR[\fBcdhlns\fR][=\fIfile\fR]] [\fB\-\-alternate\fR] [\fB\-D\fR]
 [\fB\-\-defsym\fR \fIsym\fR=\fIval\fR] [\fB\-f\fR] [\fB\-g\fR] [\fB\-\-gstabs\fR]
 [\fB\-\-gstabs+\fR] [\fB\-\-gdwarf\-2\fR] [\fB\-\-help\fR] [\fB\-I\fR \fIdir\fR] [\fB\-J\fR]
 [\fB\-K\fR] [\fB\-L\fR] [\fB\-\-listing\-lhs\-width\fR=\fI\s-1NUM\s0\fR]
 [\fB\-\-listing\-lhs\-width2\fR=\fI\s-1NUM\s0\fR] [\fB\-\-listing\-rhs\-width\fR=\fI\s-1NUM\s0\fR]
 [\fB\-\-listing\-cont\-lines\fR=\fI\s-1NUM\s0\fR] [\fB\-\-keep\-locals\fR] [\fB\-o\fR
 \fIobjfile\fR] [\fB\-R\fR] [\fB\-\-reduce\-memory\-overheads\fR] [\fB\-\-statistics\fR]
 [\fB\-v\fR] [\fB\-version\fR] [\fB\-\-version\fR] [\fB\-W\fR] [\fB\-\-warn\fR]
 [\fB\-\-fatal\-warnings\fR] [\fB\-w\fR] [\fB\-x\fR] [\fB\-Z\fR] [\fB@\fR\fI\s-1FILE\s0\fR]
 [\fB\-\-target\-help\fR] [\fItarget-options\fR]
 [\fB\-\-\fR|\fIfiles\fR ...]
.PP
\&\fITarget Alpha options:\fR
   [\fB\-m\fR\fIcpu\fR]
   [\fB\-mdebug\fR | \fB\-no\-mdebug\fR]
   [\fB\-relax\fR] [\fB\-g\fR] [\fB\-G\fR\fIsize\fR]
   [\fB\-F\fR] [\fB\-32addr\fR]
.PP
\&\fITarget \s-1ARC\s0 options:\fR
   [\fB\-marc[5|6|7|8]\fR]
   [\fB\-EB\fR|\fB\-EL\fR]
.PP
\&\fITarget \s-1ARM\s0 options:\fR
   [\fB\-mcpu\fR=\fIprocessor\fR[+\fIextension\fR...]]
   [\fB\-march\fR=\fIarchitecture\fR[+\fIextension\fR...]]
   [\fB\-mfpu\fR=\fIfloating-point-format\fR]
   [\fB\-mfloat\-abi\fR=\fIabi\fR]
   [\fB\-meabi\fR=\fIver\fR]
   [\fB\-mthumb\fR]
   [\fB\-EB\fR|\fB\-EL\fR]
   [\fB\-mapcs\-32\fR|\fB\-mapcs\-26\fR|\fB\-mapcs\-float\fR|
    \fB\-mapcs\-reentrant\fR]
   [\fB\-mthumb\-interwork\fR] [\fB\-k\fR]
.PP
\&\fITarget \s-1CRIS\s0 options:\fR
   [\fB\-\-underscore\fR | \fB\-\-no\-underscore\fR]
   [\fB\-\-pic\fR] [\fB\-N\fR]
   [\fB\-\-emulation=criself\fR | \fB\-\-emulation=crisaout\fR]
   [\fB\-\-march=v0_v10\fR | \fB\-\-march=v10\fR | \fB\-\-march=v32\fR | \fB\-\-march=common_v10_v32\fR]
.PP
\&\fITarget D10V options:\fR
   [\fB\-O\fR]
.PP
\&\fITarget D30V options:\fR
   [\fB\-O\fR|\fB\-n\fR|\fB\-N\fR]
.PP
\&\fITarget i386 options:\fR
   [\fB\-\-32\fR|\fB\-\-64\fR] [\fB\-n\fR]
   [\fB\-march\fR=\fI\s-1CPU\s0\fR] [\fB\-mtune\fR=\fI\s-1CPU\s0\fR] 
.PP
\&\fITarget i960 options:\fR
   [\fB\-ACA\fR|\fB\-ACA_A\fR|\fB\-ACB\fR|\fB\-ACC\fR|\fB\-AKA\fR|\fB\-AKB\fR|
    \fB\-AKC\fR|\fB\-AMC\fR]
   [\fB\-b\fR] [\fB\-no\-relax\fR]
.PP
\&\fITarget \s-1IA\-64\s0 options:\fR
   [\fB\-mconstant\-gp\fR|\fB\-mauto\-pic\fR]
   [\fB\-milp32\fR|\fB\-milp64\fR|\fB\-mlp64\fR|\fB\-mp64\fR]
   [\fB\-mle\fR|\fBmbe\fR]
   [\fB\-mtune=itanium1\fR|\fB\-mtune=itanium2\fR]
   [\fB\-munwind\-check=warning\fR|\fB\-munwind\-check=error\fR]
   [\fB\-mhint.b=ok\fR|\fB\-mhint.b=warning\fR|\fB\-mhint.b=error\fR]
   [\fB\-x\fR|\fB\-xexplicit\fR] [\fB\-xauto\fR] [\fB\-xdebug\fR]
.PP
\&\fITarget \s-1IP2K\s0 options:\fR
   [\fB\-mip2022\fR|\fB\-mip2022ext\fR]
.PP
\&\fITarget M32C options:\fR
   [\fB\-m32c\fR|\fB\-m16c\fR]
.PP
\&\fITarget M32R options:\fR
   [\fB\-\-m32rx\fR|\fB\-\-[no\-]warn\-explicit\-parallel\-conflicts\fR|
   \fB\-\-W[n]p\fR]
.PP
\&\fITarget M680X0 options:\fR
   [\fB\-l\fR] [\fB\-m68000\fR|\fB\-m68010\fR|\fB\-m68020\fR|...]
.PP
\&\fITarget M68HC11 options:\fR
   [\fB\-m68hc11\fR|\fB\-m68hc12\fR|\fB\-m68hcs12\fR]
   [\fB\-mshort\fR|\fB\-mlong\fR]
   [\fB\-mshort\-double\fR|\fB\-mlong\-double\fR]
   [\fB\-\-force\-long\-branches\fR] [\fB\-\-short\-branches\fR]
   [\fB\-\-strict\-direct\-mode\fR] [\fB\-\-print\-insn\-syntax\fR]
   [\fB\-\-print\-opcodes\fR] [\fB\-\-generate\-example\fR]
.PP
\&\fITarget \s-1MCORE\s0 options:\fR
   [\fB\-jsri2bsr\fR] [\fB\-sifilter\fR] [\fB\-relax\fR]
   [\fB\-mcpu=[210|340]\fR]
.PP
\&\fITarget \s-1MIPS\s0 options:\fR
   [\fB\-nocpp\fR] [\fB\-EL\fR] [\fB\-EB\fR] [\fB\-O\fR[\fIoptimization level\fR]]
   [\fB\-g\fR[\fIdebug level\fR]] [\fB\-G\fR \fInum\fR] [\fB\-KPIC\fR] [\fB\-call_shared\fR]
   [\fB\-non_shared\fR] [\fB\-xgot\fR]
   [\fB\-mabi\fR=\fI\s-1ABI\s0\fR] [\fB\-32\fR] [\fB\-n32\fR] [\fB\-64\fR] [\fB\-mfp32\fR] [\fB\-mgp32\fR]
   [\fB\-march\fR=\fI\s-1CPU\s0\fR] [\fB\-mtune\fR=\fI\s-1CPU\s0\fR] [\fB\-mips1\fR] [\fB\-mips2\fR]
   [\fB\-mips3\fR] [\fB\-mips4\fR] [\fB\-mips5\fR] [\fB\-mips32\fR] [\fB\-mips32r2\fR]
   [\fB\-mips64\fR] [\fB\-mips64r2\fR]
   [\fB\-construct\-floats\fR] [\fB\-no\-construct\-floats\fR]
   [\fB\-trap\fR] [\fB\-no\-break\fR] [\fB\-break\fR] [\fB\-no\-trap\fR]
   [\fB\-mfix7000\fR] [\fB\-mno\-fix7000\fR]
   [\fB\-mips16\fR] [\fB\-no\-mips16\fR]
   [\fB\-msmartmips\fR] [\fB\-mno\-smartmips\fR]
   [\fB\-mips3d\fR] [\fB\-no\-mips3d\fR]
   [\fB\-mdmx\fR] [\fB\-no\-mdmx\fR]
   [\fB\-mdsp\fR] [\fB\-mno\-dsp\fR]
   [\fB\-mmt\fR] [\fB\-mno\-mt\fR]
   [\fB\-mdebug\fR] [\fB\-no\-mdebug\fR]
   [\fB\-mpdr\fR] [\fB\-mno\-pdr\fR]
.PP
\&\fITarget \s-1MMIX\s0 options:\fR
   [\fB\-\-fixed\-special\-register\-names\fR] [\fB\-\-globalize\-symbols\fR]
   [\fB\-\-gnu\-syntax\fR] [\fB\-\-relax\fR] [\fB\-\-no\-predefined\-symbols\fR]
   [\fB\-\-no\-expand\fR] [\fB\-\-no\-merge\-gregs\fR] [\fB\-x\fR]
   [\fB\-\-linker\-allocated\-gregs\fR]
.PP
\&\fITarget \s-1PDP11\s0 options:\fR
   [\fB\-mpic\fR|\fB\-mno\-pic\fR] [\fB\-mall\fR] [\fB\-mno\-extensions\fR]
   [\fB\-m\fR\fIextension\fR|\fB\-mno\-\fR\fIextension\fR]
   [\fB\-m\fR\fIcpu\fR] [\fB\-m\fR\fImachine\fR]  
.PP
\&\fITarget picoJava options:\fR
   [\fB\-mb\fR|\fB\-me\fR]
.PP
\&\fITarget PowerPC options:\fR
   [\fB\-mpwrx\fR|\fB\-mpwr2\fR|\fB\-mpwr\fR|\fB\-m601\fR|\fB\-mppc\fR|\fB\-mppc32\fR|\fB\-m603\fR|\fB\-m604\fR|
    \fB\-m403\fR|\fB\-m405\fR|\fB\-mppc64\fR|\fB\-m620\fR|\fB\-mppc64bridge\fR|\fB\-mbooke\fR|
    \fB\-mbooke32\fR|\fB\-mbooke64\fR]
   [\fB\-mcom\fR|\fB\-many\fR|\fB\-maltivec\fR] [\fB\-memb\fR]
   [\fB\-mregnames\fR|\fB\-mno\-regnames\fR]
   [\fB\-mrelocatable\fR|\fB\-mrelocatable\-lib\fR]
   [\fB\-mlittle\fR|\fB\-mlittle\-endian\fR|\fB\-mbig\fR|\fB\-mbig\-endian\fR]
   [\fB\-msolaris\fR|\fB\-mno\-solaris\fR]
.PP
\&\fITarget \s-1SPARC\s0 options:\fR
   [\fB\-Av6\fR|\fB\-Av7\fR|\fB\-Av8\fR|\fB\-Asparclet\fR|\fB\-Asparclite\fR
    \fB\-Av8plus\fR|\fB\-Av8plusa\fR|\fB\-Av9\fR|\fB\-Av9a\fR]
   [\fB\-xarch=v8plus\fR|\fB\-xarch=v8plusa\fR] [\fB\-bump\fR]
   [\fB\-32\fR|\fB\-64\fR]
.PP
\&\fITarget \s-1TIC54X\s0 options:\fR
 [\fB\-mcpu=54[123589]\fR|\fB\-mcpu=54[56]lp\fR] [\fB\-mfar\-mode\fR|\fB\-mf\fR] 
 [\fB\-merrors\-to\-file\fR \fI<filename>\fR|\fB\-me\fR \fI<filename>\fR]
.PP
\&\fITarget Z80 options:\fR
  [\fB\-z80\fR] [\fB\-r800\fR]
  [ \fB\-ignore\-undocumented\-instructions\fR] [\fB\-Wnud\fR]
  [ \fB\-ignore\-unportable\-instructions\fR] [\fB\-Wnup\fR]
  [ \fB\-warn\-undocumented\-instructions\fR] [\fB\-Wud\fR]
  [ \fB\-warn\-unportable\-instructions\fR] [\fB\-Wup\fR]
  [ \fB\-forbid\-undocumented\-instructions\fR] [\fB\-Fud\fR]
  [ \fB\-forbid\-unportable\-instructions\fR] [\fB\-Fup\fR]
.PP
\&\fITarget Xtensa options:\fR
 [\fB\-\-[no\-]text\-section\-literals\fR] [\fB\-\-[no\-]absolute\-literals\fR]
 [\fB\-\-[no\-]target\-align\fR] [\fB\-\-[no\-]longcalls\fR]
 [\fB\-\-[no\-]transform\fR]
 [\fB\-\-rename\-section\fR \fIoldname\fR=\fInewname\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
\&\s-1GNU\s0 \fBas\fR is really a family of assemblers.
If you use (or have used) the \s-1GNU\s0 assembler on one architecture, you
should find a fairly similar environment when you use it on another
architecture.  Each version has much in common with the others,
including object file formats, most assembler directives (often called
\&\fIpseudo-ops\fR) and assembler syntax.
.PP
\&\fBas\fR is primarily intended to assemble the output of the
\&\s-1GNU\s0 C compiler \f(CW\*(C`gcc\*(C'\fR for use by the linker
\&\f(CW\*(C`ld\*(C'\fR.  Nevertheless, we've tried to make \fBas\fR
assemble correctly everything that other assemblers for the same
machine would assemble.
Any exceptions are documented explicitly.
This doesn't mean \fBas\fR always uses the same syntax as another
assembler for the same architecture; for example, we know of several
incompatible versions of 680x0 assembly language syntax.
.PP
Each time you run \fBas\fR it assembles exactly one source
program.  The source program is made up of one or more files.
(The standard input is also a file.)
.PP
You give \fBas\fR a command line that has zero or more input file
names.  The input files are read (from left file name to right).  A
command line argument (in any position) that has no special meaning
is taken to be an input file name.
.PP
If you give \fBas\fR no file names it attempts to read one input file
from the \fBas\fR standard input, which is normally your terminal.  You
may have to type \fBctl-D\fR to tell \fBas\fR there is no more program
to assemble.
.PP
Use \fB\-\-\fR if you need to explicitly name the standard input file
in your command line.
.PP
If the source is empty, \fBas\fR produces a small, empty object
file.
.PP
\&\fBas\fR may write warnings and error messages to the standard error
file (usually your terminal).  This should not happen when  a compiler
runs \fBas\fR automatically.  Warnings report an assumption made so
that \fBas\fR could keep assembling a flawed program; errors report a
grave problem that stops the assembly.
.PP
If you are invoking \fBas\fR via the \s-1GNU\s0 C compiler,
you can use the \fB\-Wa\fR option to pass arguments through to the assembler.
The assembler arguments must be separated from each other (and the \fB\-Wa\fR)
by commas.  For example:
.PP
.Vb 1
\&        gcc -c -g -O -Wa,-alh,-L file.c
.Ve
.PP
This passes two options to the assembler: \fB\-alh\fR (emit a listing to
standard output with high-level and assembly source) and \fB\-L\fR (retain
local symbols in the symbol table).
.PP
Usually you do not need to use this \fB\-Wa\fR mechanism, since many compiler
command-line options are automatically passed to the assembler by the compiler.
(You can call the \s-1GNU\s0 compiler driver with the \fB\-v\fR option to see
precisely what options it passes to each compilation pass, including the
assembler.)
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB@\fR\fIfile\fR" 4
.IX Item "@file"
Read command-line options from \fIfile\fR.  The options read are
inserted in place of the original @\fIfile\fR option.  If \fIfile\fR
does not exist, or cannot be read, then the option will be treated
literally, and not removed.  
.Sp
Options in \fIfile\fR are separated by whitespace.  A whitespace
character may be included in an option by surrounding the entire
option in either single or double quotes.  Any character (including a
backslash) may be included by prefixing the character to be included
with a backslash.  The \fIfile\fR may itself contain additional
@\fIfile\fR options; any such options will be processed recursively.
.IP "\fB\-a[cdhlmns]\fR" 4
.IX Item "-a[cdhlmns]"
Turn on listings, in any of a variety of ways:
.RS 4