gprof.1

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.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "GPROF 1"
.TH GPROF 1 "2006-08-18" "binutils-2.17.50" "GNU"
.SH "NAME"
gprof \- display call graph profile data
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
gprof [ \-[abcDhilLrsTvwxyz] ] [ \-[ACeEfFJnNOpPqQZ][\fIname\fR] ] 
 [ \-I \fIdirs\fR ] [ \-d[\fInum\fR] ] [ \-k \fIfrom/to\fR ]
 [ \-m \fImin-count\fR ] [ \-R \fImap_file\fR ] [ \-t \fItable-length\fR ]
 [ \-\-[no\-]annotated\-source[=\fIname\fR] ] 
 [ \-\-[no\-]exec\-counts[=\fIname\fR] ]
 [ \-\-[no\-]flat\-profile[=\fIname\fR] ] [ \-\-[no\-]graph[=\fIname\fR] ]
 [ \-\-[no\-]time=\fIname\fR] [ \-\-all\-lines ] [ \-\-brief ] 
 [ \-\-debug[=\fIlevel\fR] ] [ \-\-function\-ordering ] 
 [ \-\-file\-ordering ] [ \-\-directory\-path=\fIdirs\fR ]
 [ \-\-display\-unused\-functions ] [ \-\-file\-format=\fIname\fR ]
 [ \-\-file\-info ] [ \-\-help ] [ \-\-line ] [ \-\-min\-count=\fIn\fR ]
 [ \-\-no\-static ] [ \-\-print\-path ] [ \-\-separate\-files ]
 [ \-\-static\-call\-graph ] [ \-\-sum ] [ \-\-table\-length=\fIlen\fR ]
 [ \-\-traditional ] [ \-\-version ] [ \-\-width=\fIn\fR ]
 [ \-\-ignore\-non\-functions ] [ \-\-demangle[=\fI\s-1STYLE\s0\fR] ]
 [ \-\-no\-demangle ] [ \fIimage-file\fR ] [ \fIprofile-file\fR ... ]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
\&\f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR produces an execution profile of C, Pascal, or Fortran77 
programs.  The effect of called routines is incorporated in the profile 
of each caller.  The profile data is taken from the call graph profile file
(\fIgmon.out\fR default) which is created by programs
that are compiled with the \fB\-pg\fR option of
\&\f(CW\*(C`cc\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`pc\*(C'\fR, and \f(CW\*(C`f77\*(C'\fR.
The \fB\-pg\fR option also links in versions of the library routines
that are compiled for profiling.  \f(CW\*(C`Gprof\*(C'\fR reads the given object 
file (the default is \f(CW\*(C`a.out\*(C'\fR) and establishes the relation between
its symbol table and the call graph profile from \fIgmon.out\fR.
If more than one profile file is specified, the \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR
output shows the sum of the profile information in the given profile files.
.PP
\&\f(CW\*(C`Gprof\*(C'\fR calculates the amount of time spent in each routine.
Next, these times are propagated along the edges of the call graph.
Cycles are discovered, and calls into a cycle are made to share the time
of the cycle.
.PP
Several forms of output are available from the analysis.
.PP
The \fIflat profile\fR shows how much time your program spent in each function,
and how many times that function was called.  If you simply want to know
which functions burn most of the cycles, it is stated concisely here.
.PP
The \fIcall graph\fR shows, for each function, which functions called it, which
other functions it called, and how many times.  There is also an estimate
of how much time was spent in the subroutines of each function.  This can
suggest places where you might try to eliminate function calls that use a
lot of time.  
.PP
The \fIannotated source\fR listing is a copy of the program's
source code, labeled with the number of times each line of the
program was executed.  
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
These options specify which of several output formats
\&\f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR should produce.
.PP
Many of these options take an optional \fIsymspec\fR to specify
functions to be included or excluded.  These options can be
specified multiple times, with different symspecs, to include
or exclude sets of symbols.  
.PP
Specifying any of these options overrides the default (\fB\-p \-q\fR),
which prints a flat profile and call graph analysis
for all functions.
.ie n .IP """\-A[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CW\-A[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4
.IX Item "-A[symspec]"
.PD 0
.ie n .IP """\-\-annotated\-source[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-annotated\-source[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4
.IX Item "--annotated-source[=symspec]"
.PD
The \fB\-A\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print annotated source code.
If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, print output only for matching symbols.
.ie n .IP """\-b""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CW\-b\fR" 4
.IX Item "-b"
.PD 0
.ie n .IP """\-\-brief""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-brief\fR" 4
.IX Item "--brief"
.PD
If the \fB\-b\fR option is given, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR doesn't print the
verbose blurbs that try to explain the meaning of all of the fields in
the tables.  This is useful if you intend to print out the output, or
are tired of seeing the blurbs.
.ie n .IP """\-C[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CW\-C[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4
.IX Item "-C[symspec]"
.PD 0
.ie n .IP """\-\-exec\-counts[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-exec\-counts[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4
.IX Item "--exec-counts[=symspec]"
.PD
The \fB\-C\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to
print a tally of functions and the number of times each was called.
If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, print tally only for matching symbols.
.Sp
If the profile data file contains basic-block count records, specifying
the \fB\-l\fR option, along with \fB\-C\fR, will cause basic-block
execution counts to be tallied and displayed.
.ie n .IP """\-i""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CW\-i\fR" 4
.IX Item "-i"
.PD 0
.ie n .IP """\-\-file\-info""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-file\-info\fR" 4
.IX Item "--file-info"
.PD
The \fB\-i\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to display summary information
about the profile data file(s) and then exit.  The number of histogram,
call graph, and basic-block count records is displayed.
.ie n .IP """\-I \f(CIdirs\f(CW""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CW\-I \f(CIdirs\f(CW\fR" 4
.IX Item "-I dirs"
.PD 0
.ie n .IP """\-\-directory\-path=\f(CIdirs\f(CW""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-directory\-path=\f(CIdirs\f(CW\fR" 4
.IX Item "--directory-path=dirs"
.PD
The \fB\-I\fR option specifies a list of search directories in
which to find source files.  Environment variable \fI\s-1GPROF_PATH\s0\fR
can also be used to convey this information.
Used mostly for annotated source output.
.ie n .IP """\-J[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CW\-J[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4
.IX Item "-J[symspec]"
.PD 0
.ie n .IP """\-\-no\-annotated\-source[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-no\-annotated\-source[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4
.IX Item "--no-annotated-source[=symspec]"
.PD
The \fB\-J\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR not to
print annotated source code.
If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR prints annotated source,
but excludes matching symbols.
.ie n .IP """\-L""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CW\-L\fR" 4
.IX Item "-L"
.PD 0
.ie n .IP """\-\-print\-path""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-print\-path\fR" 4
.IX Item "--print-path"
.PD
Normally, source filenames are printed with the path
component suppressed.  The \fB\-L\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR
to print the full pathname of
source filenames, which is determined
from symbolic debugging information in the image file
and is relative to the directory in which the compiler
was invoked.
.ie n .IP """\-p[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CW\-p[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4
.IX Item "-p[symspec]"
.PD 0
.ie n .IP """\-\-flat\-profile[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-flat\-profile[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4
.IX Item "--flat-profile[=symspec]"
.PD
The \fB\-p\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print a flat profile.
If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, print flat profile only for matching symbols.
.ie n .IP """\-P[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CW\-P[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4
.IX Item "-P[symspec]"
.PD 0
.ie n .IP """\-\-no\-flat\-profile[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-no\-flat\-profile[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4
.IX Item "--no-flat-profile[=symspec]"
.PD
The \fB\-P\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to suppress printing a flat profile.
If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR prints a flat profile,
but excludes matching symbols.
.ie n .IP """\-q[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CW\-q[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4
.IX Item "-q[symspec]"
.PD 0
.ie n .IP """\-\-graph[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-graph[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4
.IX Item "--graph[=symspec]"
.PD
The \fB\-q\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print the call graph analysis.
If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, print call graph only for matching symbols
and their children.
.ie n .IP """\-Q[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CW\-Q[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4
.IX Item "-Q[symspec]"
.PD 0
.ie n .IP """\-\-no\-graph[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-no\-graph[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4
.IX Item "--no-graph[=symspec]"
.PD
The \fB\-Q\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to suppress printing the
call graph.
If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR prints a call graph,
but excludes matching symbols.
.ie n .IP """\-t""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CW\-t\fR" 4
.IX Item "-t"
.PD 0
.ie n .IP """\-\-table\-length=\f(CInum\f(CW""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-table\-length=\f(CInum\f(CW\fR" 4
.IX Item "--table-length=num"
.PD
The \fB\-t\fR option causes the \fInum\fR most active source lines in
each source file to be listed when source annotation is enabled.  The
default is 10.
.ie n .IP """\-y""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CW\-y\fR" 4
.IX Item "-y"
.PD 0
.ie n .IP """\-\-separate\-files""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-separate\-files\fR" 4
.IX Item "--separate-files"
.PD
This option affects annotated source output only.
Normally, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR prints annotated source files
to standard\-output.  If this option is specified,
annotated source for a file named \fIpath/\fIfilename\fI\fR
is generated in the file \fI\fIfilename\fI\-ann\fR.  If the underlying
file system would truncate \fI\fIfilename\fI\-ann\fR so that it
overwrites the original \fI\fIfilename\fI\fR, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR generates
annotated source in the file \fI\fIfilename\fI.ann\fR instead (if the
original file name has an extension, that extension is \fIreplaced\fR
with \fI.ann\fR).
.ie n .IP """\-Z[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CW\-Z[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4
.IX Item "-Z[symspec]"
.PD 0
.ie n .IP """\-\-no\-exec\-counts[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-no\-exec\-counts[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4
.IX Item "--no-exec-counts[=symspec]"
.PD
The \fB\-Z\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR not to
print a tally of functions and the number of times each was called.
If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, print tally, but exclude matching symbols.
.ie n .IP """\-r""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CW\-r\fR" 4