gcc.texi

GUN开源阻止下的编译器GCC

\input texinfo  @c -*-texinfo-*-
@c %**start of header 
@setfilename gcc.info
@c @setfilename usegcc.info
@c @setfilename portgcc.info
@c To produce the full manual, use the "gcc.info" setfilename, and
@c make sure the following do NOT begin with '@c' (and the @clear lines DO)
@set INTERNALS
@set USING
@c To produce a user-only manual, use the "usegcc.info" setfilename, and
@c make sure the following does NOT begin with '@c':
@c @clear INTERNALS
@c To produce a porter-only manual, use the "portgcc.info" setfilename,
@c and make sure the following does NOT begin with '@c':
@c @clear USING

@c i have commented out the smallbook command below, and reformatted
@c this manual in the regular book size for distribution.  in addition,
@c i commented out the commands that shift the text to one or the other
@c side of the page for smallbook printing (which makes it easier for
@c the photocopying people to handle...).     -mew, 15june93 

@c (For FSF printing, turn on smallbook, comment out finalout below; 
@c that is all that is needed.)

@c smallbook

@c i also commented out the finalout command, so if there *are* any
@c overfulls, you'll (hopefully) see the rectangle in the right hand
@c margin. -mew 15june93
@c finalout

@c NOTE: checks/things to do:
@c 
@c -have bob do a search in all seven files for "mew" (ideally --mew,
@c  but i may have forgotten the occasional "--"..).
@c -item/itemx, text after all (sub/sub)section titles, etc..
@c -consider putting the lists of options on pp 17--> etc in columns or
@c  some such.
@c -spellcheck
@c -continuity of phrasing; ie, bit-field vs bitfield in rtl.texi
@c -overfulls.  do a search for "mew" in the files, and you will see
@c   overfulls that i noted but could not deal with.
@c -have to add text:  beginning of chapter 8

@c
@c anything else?                       --mew 10feb93



@ifset INTERNALS
@ifset USING
@settitle Using and Porting GNU CC
@end ifset
@end ifset
@c seems reasonable to assume at least one of INTERNALS or USING is set...
@ifclear INTERNALS
@settitle Using GNU CC
@end ifclear
@ifclear USING
@settitle Porting GNU CC
@end ifclear 

@syncodeindex fn cp
@syncodeindex vr cp
@c %**end of header

@c Use with @@smallbook.

@c Cause even numbered pages to be printed on the left hand side of
@c the page and odd numbered pages to be printed on the right hand
@c side of the page.  Using this, you can print on both sides of a
@c sheet of paper and have the text on the same part of the sheet.

@c The text on right hand pages is pushed towards the right hand
@c margin and the text on left hand pages is pushed toward the left
@c hand margin.  
@c (To provide the reverse effect, set bindingoffset to -0.75in.)

@c @tex
@c \global\bindingoffset=0.75in
@c \global\normaloffset =0.75in
@c @end tex

@ifinfo
@ifset INTERNALS
@ifset USING
This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU compiler.
@end ifset
@end ifset
@ifclear USING
This file documents the internals of the GNU compiler.
@end ifclear
@ifclear INTERNALS
This file documents the use of the GNU compiler.
@end ifclear

Published by the Free Software Foundation
59 Temple Place - Suite 330
Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA

Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
are preserved on all copies.

@ignore
Permission is granted to process this file through Tex and print the
results, provided the printed document carries copying permission
notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph
(this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual).

@end ignore
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the
sections entitled ``GNU General Public License,'' ``Funding for Free
Software,'' and ``Protect Your Freedom---Fight `Look And Feel'@w{}'' are
included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire
resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission
notice identical to this one.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
except that the sections entitled ``GNU General Public License,''
``Funding for Free Software,'' and ``Protect Your Freedom---Fight `Look
And Feel'@w{}'', and this permission notice, may be included in
translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the
original English.
@end ifinfo

@setchapternewpage odd

@titlepage
@ifset INTERNALS
@ifset USING
@center @titlefont{Using and Porting GNU CC}

@end ifset
@end ifset
@ifclear INTERNALS
@title Using GNU CC
@end ifclear
@ifclear USING
@title Porting GNU CC
@end ifclear
@sp 2
@center Richard M. Stallman
@sp 3
@center Last updated 29 June 1996
@sp 1
@c The version number appears twice more in this file.  

@center for version 2.7.2.1
@page
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
Copyright @copyright{} 1988, 89, 92, 93, 94, 1995 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@sp 2
For GCC Version 2.7.2@*
@sp 1
Published by the Free Software Foundation @*
59 Temple Place - Suite 330@*
Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA@*
Last printed November, 1995.@*
Printed copies are available for $50 each.@*
ISBN 1-882114-66-3
@sp 1
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
are preserved on all copies.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the
sections entitled ``GNU General Public License,'' ``Funding for Free
Software,'' and ``Protect Your Freedom---Fight `Look And Feel'@w{}'' are
included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire
resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission
notice identical to this one.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
except that the sections entitled ``GNU General Public License,''
``Funding for Free Software,'' and ``Protect Your Freedom---Fight `Look
And Feel'@w{}'', and this permission notice, may be included in
translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the
original English.
@end titlepage
@page

@ifinfo

@node Top, Copying,, (DIR)
@top Introduction
@cindex introduction

@ifset INTERNALS
@ifset USING
This manual documents how to run, install and port the GNU
compiler, as well as its new features and incompatibilities, and how to
report bugs.  It corresponds to GNU CC version 2.7.2.
@end ifset
@end ifset

@ifclear INTERNALS
This manual documents how to run and install the GNU compiler,
as well as its new features and incompatibilities, and how to report
bugs.  It corresponds to GNU CC version 2.7.2.
@end ifclear
@ifclear USING
This manual documents how to port the GNU compiler,
as well as its new features and incompatibilities, and how to report
bugs.  It corresponds to GNU CC version 2.7.1.
@end ifclear

@end ifinfo
@menu
* Copying::         GNU General Public License says
                     how you can copy and share GNU CC.
* Contributors::    People who have contributed to GNU CC.
* Funding::         How to help assure funding for free software.
* Look and Feel::   Protect your freedom---fight ``look and feel''.
@ifset USING
* G++ and GCC::     You can compile C or C++ programs.
* Invoking GCC::    Command options supported by @samp{gcc}.
* Installation::    How to configure, compile and install GNU CC.
* C Extensions::    GNU extensions to the C language family.
* C++ Extensions::  GNU extensions to the C++ language.
* Trouble::         If you have trouble installing GNU CC.
* Bugs::            How, why and where to report bugs.
* Service::         How to find suppliers of support for GNU CC.
* VMS::             Using GNU CC on VMS.
@end ifset
@ifset INTERNALS
* Portability::     Goals of GNU CC's portability features.
* Interface::       Function-call interface of GNU CC output.
* Passes::          Order of passes, what they do, and what each file is for.
* RTL::             The intermediate representation that most passes work on.
* Machine Desc::    How to write machine description instruction patterns.
* Target Macros::   How to write the machine description C macros.
* Config::          Writing the @file{xm-@var{machine}.h} file.
* Fragments::       Writing the @file{t-@var{target}} and @file{x-@var{host}} files.
@end ifset

* Index::	    Index of concepts and symbol names.
@end menu

@node Copying
@unnumbered GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
@center Version 2, June 1991

@display
Copyright @copyright{} 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
@end display

@unnumberedsec Preamble

  The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
freedom to share and change it.  By contrast, the GNU General Public
License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
software---to make sure the software is free for all its users.  This
General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
using it.  (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
the GNU Library General Public License instead.)  You can apply it to
your programs, too.

  When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
price.  Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it
in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.

  To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.

  For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
you have.  You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
source code.  And you must show them these terms so they know their
rights.

  We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
(2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
distribute and/or modify the software.

  Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
software.  If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
authors' reputations.

  Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
patents.  We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free
program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the
program proprietary.  To prevent this, we have made it clear that any
patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.

  The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
modification follow.

@iftex
@unnumberedsec TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
@end iftex
@ifinfo
@center TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
@end ifinfo

@enumerate 0
@item
This License applies to any program or other work which contains
a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
under the terms of this General Public License.  The ``Program'', below,
refers to any such program or work, and a ``work based on the Program''
means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:
that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it,
either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another
language.  (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in
the term ``modification''.)  Each licensee is addressed as ``you''.

Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
covered by this License; they are outside its scope.  The act of
running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program
is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the
Program (independent of having been made by running the Program).
Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.

@item
You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's