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📄 pid算法.txt

📁 在过程控制中
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PID算法
          在过程控制中,按偏差的比例(P)、积分(I)和微分(D)进行控制的PID控制器(亦称PID调节器)是应用最为广泛的一种自动控制器。它具有原理简单,易于实现,适用面广,控制参数相互独立,参数的选定比较简单等优点;而且在理论上可以证明,对于过程控制的典型对象──“一阶滞后+纯滞后”与“二阶滞后+纯滞后”的控制对象,PID控制器是一种最优控制。PID调节规律是连续系统动态品质校正的一种有效方法,它的参数整定方式简便,结构改变灵活(PI、PD、…)。
参数的选择:
     ①比例系数P对系统性能的影响:比例系数加大,使系统的动作灵敏,速度加快,稳态误差减小;P偏大,振荡次数加多,调节时间加长;P太大时,系统会趋于不稳定;P太小,又会使系统的动作缓慢。P可以选负数,这主要是由执行机构、传感器以及控制对象的特性决定的。如果P的符号选择不当对象测量值就会离控制目标的设定值越来越远,如果出现这样的情况P的符号就一定要取反。同时要注意的是,力控的策略控制器的PID控制块的P参数是PID控制中的增益。
  ②积分控制I对系统性能的影响:积分作用使系统的稳定性下降,I小(积分作用强)会使系统不稳定,但能消除稳态误差,提高系统的控制精度。
  ③微分控制D对系统性能的影响:微分作用可以改善动态特性,D偏大时,超调量较大,调节时间较短;D偏小时,超调量也较大,调节时间也较长;只有D合适,才能使超调量较小,减短调节时间。 

C语言实现PID算法:
#include <stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
  
  struct _pid {
   int pv; /*integer that contains the process value*/
   int sp; /*integer that contains the set point*/
   float integral;
   float pgain;
   float igain;
   float dgain;
   int deadband;
   int last_error;
  };
  
  struct _pid warm,*pid;
  int process_point, set_point,dead_band; 
  float p_gain, i_gain, d_gain, integral_val,new_integ;; 
    
  /*------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
  pid_init 
  
  DESCRIPTION This function initializes the pointers in the _pid structure 
  to the process variable and the setpoint. *pv and *sp are 
  integer pointers. 
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ 
  void pid_init(struct _pid *warm, int process_point, int set_point)
  { 
   struct _pid *pid; 
   
   pid = warm; 
   pid->pv = process_point; 
   pid->sp = set_point; 
  }   
  /*------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
  pid_tune 
  
  DESCRIPTION Sets the proportional gain (p_gain), integral gain (i_gain), 
  derivitive gain (d_gain), and the dead band (dead_band) of 
  a pid control structure _pid. 
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ 
  
  void pid_tune(struct _pid *pid, float p_gain, float i_gain, float d_gain, int dead_band) 
  { 
   pid->pgain = p_gain; 
   pid->igain = i_gain; 
   pid->dgain = d_gain; 
   pid->deadband = dead_band; 
   pid->integral= integral_val; 
   pid->last_error=0; 
  } 
  
  /*------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
  pid_setinteg 
  
  DESCRIPTION Set a new value for the integral term of the pid equation. 
  This is useful for setting the initial output of the 
  pid controller at start up. 
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ 
  void pid_setinteg(struct _pid *pid,float new_integ)
  { 
   pid->integral = new_integ; 
   pid->last_error = 0; 
  } 
  
  /*------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
  pid_bumpless 
  
  DESCRIPTION Bumpless transfer algorithim. When suddenly changing 
  setpoints, or when restarting the PID equation after an 
  extended pause, the derivative of the equation can cause 
  a bump in the controller output. This function will help 
  smooth out that bump. The process value in *pv should 
  be the updated just before this function is used. 
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ 
  void pid_bumpless(struct _pid *pid) 
  {   
   pid->last_error = (pid->sp)-(pid->pv);    
  } 
  
  /*------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
  pid_calc   
  DESCRIPTION Performs PID calculations for the _pid structure *a. This function uses the positional form of the pid equation, and incorporates an integral windup prevention algorithim. Rectangular integration is used, so this function must be repeated on a consistent time basis for accurate control. 
  
  RETURN VALUE The new output value for the pid loop.   
  USAGE #include "control.h"*/   
  float pid_calc(struct _pid *pid)
  { 
   int err;
   float pterm, dterm, result, ferror; 
   
   err = (pid->sp) - (pid->pv); 
   if (abs(err) > pid->deadband) 
   { 
   ferror = (float) err; /*do integer to float conversion only once*/ 
   pterm = pid->pgain * ferror; 
   if (pterm > 100 || pterm < -100)
   {
   pid->integral = 0.0; 
   }
   else 
   { 
   pid->integral += pid->igain * ferror; 
   if (pid->integral > 100.0) 
   {
   pid->integral = 100.0; 
   }
   else if (pid->integral < 0.0) pid->integral = 0.0; 
   } 
   dterm = ((float)(err - pid->last_error)) * pid->dgain; 
   result = pterm + pid->integral + dterm; 
   } 
   else result = pid->integral; 
   pid->last_error = err; 
   return (result); 
  }
  
void main(void)
  {
   float display_value;
   int count=0;
  
   pid = &warm;
  
  // printf("Enter the values of Process point, Set point, P gain, I gain, D gain \n");
  // scanf("%d%d%f%f%f", &process_point, &set_point, &p_gain, &i_gain, &d_gain);  
   process_point = 30;
   set_point = 40;
   p_gain = (float)(5.2);
   i_gain = (float)(0.77);
   d_gain = (float)(0.18);
    
   dead_band = 2;
   integral_val =(float)(0.01);
    
   printf("The values of Process point, Set point, P gain, I gain, D gain \n");
   printf(" %6d %6d %4f %4f %4f\n", process_point, set_point, p_gain, i_gain, d_gain);
  
   printf("Enter the values of Process point\n");
  
   while(count<=20)
   {  
   scanf("%d",&process_point);  
   pid_init(&warm, process_point, set_point);
   pid_tune(&warm, p_gain,i_gain,d_gain,dead_band);
   pid_setinteg(&warm,0.0); //pid_setinteg(&warm,30.0);
  
   //Get input value for process point
   pid_bumpless(&warm);
  
   // how to display output
   display_value = pid_calc(&warm); 
   printf("%f\n", display_value); 
   //printf("\n%f%f%f%f",warm.pv,warm.sp,warm.igain,warm.dgain); 
   count++;   
   }   
 

 



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