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This is the implementation of the SystemV/Coherent filesystem for Linux.
It grew out of separate filesystem implementations

    Xenix FS      Doug Evans <[e-mail]>  June 1992
    SystemV FS    Paul B. Monday <[e-mail]> March-June 1993
    Coherent FS   B. Haible <[e-mail]> June 1993

and was merged together in July 1993.

These filesystems are rather similar. Here is a comparison with Minix FS:

* Linux fdisk reports on partitions
  - Minix FS     0x81 Linux/Minix
  - Xenix FS     ??
  - SystemV FS   ??
  - Coherent FS  0x08 AIX bootable

* Size of a block or zone (data allocation unit on disk)
  - Minix FS     1024
  - Xenix FS     1024 (also 512 ??)
  - SystemV FS   1024 (also 512 and 2048)
  - Coherent FS   512

* General layout: all have one boot block, one super block and
  separate areas for inodes and for directories/data.
  On SystemV Release 2 FS (e.g. Microport) the first track is reserved and
  all the block numbers (including the super block) are offset by one track.

* Byte ordering of "short" (16 bit entities) on disk:
  - Minix FS     little endian  0 1
  - Xenix FS     little endian  0 1
  - SystemV FS   little endian  0 1
  - Coherent FS  little endian  0 1
  Of course, this affects only the file system, not the data of files on it!

* Byte ordering of "long" (32 bit entities) on disk:
  - Minix FS     little endian  0 1 2 3
  - Xenix FS     little endian  0 1 2 3
  - SystemV FS   little endian  0 1 2 3
  - Coherent FS  PDP-11         2 3 0 1
  Of course, this affects only the file system, not the data of files on it!

* Inode on disk: "short", 0 means non-existent, the root dir ino is:
  - Minix FS                            1
  - Xenix FS, SystemV FS, Coherent FS   2

* Maximum number of hard links to a file:
  - Minix FS     250
  - Xenix FS     ??
  - SystemV FS   ??
  - Coherent FS  >=10000

* Free inode management:
  - Minix FS                             a bitmap
  - Xenix FS, SystemV FS, Coherent FS
      There is a cache of a certain number of free inodes in the super-block.
      When it is exhausted, new free inodes are found using a linear search.

* Free block management:
  - Minix FS                             a bitmap
  - Xenix FS, SystemV FS, Coherent FS
      Free blocks are organized in a "free list". Maybe a misleading term,
      since it is not true that every free block contains a pointer to
      the next free block. Rather, the free blocks are organized in chunks
      of limited size, and every now and then a free block contains pointers
      to the free blocks pertaining to the next chunk; the first of these
      contains pointers and so on. The list terminates with a "block number"
      0 on Xenix FS and SystemV FS, with a block zeroed out on Coherent FS.

* Super-block location:
  - Minix FS     block 1 = bytes 1024..2047
  - Xenix FS     block 1 = bytes 1024..2047
  - SystemV FS   bytes 512..1023
  - Coherent FS  block 1 = bytes 512..1023

* Super-block layout:
  - Minix FS
                    unsigned short s_ninodes;
                    unsigned short s_nzones;
                    unsigned short s_imap_blocks;
                    unsigned short s_zmap_blocks;
                    unsigned short s_firstdatazone;
                    unsigned short s_log_zone_size;
                    unsigned long s_max_size;
                    unsigned short s_magic;
  - Xenix FS, SystemV FS, Coherent FS
                    unsigned short s_firstdatazone;
                    unsigned long  s_nzones;
                    unsigned short s_fzone_count;
                    unsigned long  s_fzones[NICFREE];
                    unsigned short s_finode_count;
                    unsigned short s_finodes[NICINOD];
                    char           s_flock;
                    char           s_ilock;
                    char           s_modified;
                    char           s_rdonly;
                    unsigned long  s_time;
                    short          s_dinfo[4]; -- SystemV FS only
                    unsigned long  s_free_zones;
                    unsigned short s_free_inodes;
                    short          s_dinfo[4]; -- Xenix FS only
                    unsigned short s_interleave_m,s_interleave_n; -- Coherent FS only
                    char           s_fname[6];
                    char           s_fpack[6];
    then they differ considerably:
        Xenix FS
                    char           s_clean;
                    char           s_fill[371];
                    long           s_magic;
                    long           s_type;
        SystemV FS
                    long           s_fill[12 or 14];
                    long           s_state;
                    long           s_magic;
                    long           s_type;
        Coherent FS
                    unsigned long  s_unique;
    Note that Coherent FS has no magic.

* Inode layout:
  - Minix FS
                    unsigned short i_mode;
                    unsigned short i_uid;
                    unsigned long  i_size;
                    unsigned long  i_time;
                    unsigned char  i_gid;
                    unsigned char  i_nlinks;
                    unsigned short i_zone[7+1+1];
  - Xenix FS, SystemV FS, Coherent FS
                    unsigned short i_mode;
                    unsigned short i_nlink;
                    unsigned short i_uid;
                    unsigned short i_gid;
                    unsigned long  i_size;
                    unsigned char  i_zone[3*(10+1+1+1)];
                    unsigned long  i_atime;
                    unsigned long  i_mtime;
                    unsigned long  i_ctime;

* Regular file data blocks are organized as
  - Minix FS
               7 direct blocks
               1 indirect block (pointers to blocks)
               1 double-indirect block (pointer to pointers to blocks)
  - Xenix FS, SystemV FS, Coherent FS
              10 direct blocks
               1 indirect block (pointers to blocks)
               1 double-indirect block (pointer to pointers to blocks)
               1 triple-indirect block (pointer to pointers to pointers to blocks)

* Inode size, inodes per block
  - Minix FS        32   32
  - Xenix FS        64   16
  - SystemV FS      64   16
  - Coherent FS     64    8

* Directory entry on disk
  - Minix FS
                    unsigned short inode;
                    char name[14/30];
  - Xenix FS, SystemV FS, Coherent FS
                    unsigned short inode;
                    char name[14];

* Dir entry size, dir entries per block
  - Minix FS     16/32    64/32
  - Xenix FS     16       64
  - SystemV FS   16       64
  - Coherent FS  16       32

* How to implement symbolic links such that the host fsck doesn't scream:
  - Minix FS     normal
  - Xenix FS     kludge: as regular files with  chmod 1000
  - SystemV FS   ??
  - Coherent FS  kludge: as regular files with  chmod 1000


Notation: We often speak of a "block" but mean a zone (the allocation unit)
and not the disk driver's notion of "block".


Bruno Haible  <[e-mail]>