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<td width="*" height="100%" style="font-size:9pt;line-height:12pt" valign="top"><img src="Skins/Default/topicface/face1.gif" border="0" alt="发贴心情" align="absmiddle"> <B>[第07篇]ACM/ICPC竞赛之STL--stack/queue</B><BR><H1 align=center>第07篇 ACM/ICPC竞赛之STL--stack/queue</H1><P>stack(栈)和queue(队列)也是在程序设计中经常会用到的数据容器，STL为我们提供了方便的stack(栈)的queue(队列)的实现。</P><P>准确地说，STL中的stack和queue不同于vector、list等容器，而是对这些容器的重新包装。这里我们不去深入讨论STL的stack和queue的实现细节，而是来了解一些他们的基本使用。</P><H2>1、stack</H2><P>stack模板类的定义在<stack>头文件中。</P><P>stack模板类需要两个模板参数，一个是元素类型，一个容器类型，但只有元素类型是必要的，在不指定容器类型时，默认的容器类型为deque。</P><P>定义stack对象的示例代码如下：</P><BLOCKQUOTE><P>stack<int> s1;<br>stack<string> s2;</P></BLOCKQUOTE><P>stack的基本操作有：</P><BLOCKQUOTE><P>入栈，如例：s.push(x);</P><P>出栈，如例：s.pop();注意，出栈操作只是删除栈顶元素，并不返回该元素。</P><P>访问栈顶，如例：s.top()</P><P>判断栈空，如例：s.empty()，当栈空时，返回true。</P><P>访问栈中的元素个数，如例：s.size()</P></BLOCKQUOTE><P>下面是用string和stack写的解题1064--Parencoding的程序。</P><BLOCKQUOTE><P>#include <iostream><br>#include <string><br>#include <stack><br>using namespace std;<br>main()<br>{<br> int n;<br> cin >> n;<br> for (int i=0; i<n; i++)<br> {<br> int m;<br> cin >> m;<br><FONT color=#ff0000> string str;<br></FONT> int leftpa = 0; <br> for (int j=0; j<m; j++) // 读入P编码，构造括号字符串<br> { <br> int p;<br> cin >> p;<br> for (int k=0; k<p-leftpa; k++) <FONT color=#ff0000>str += '(';</FONT><br> <FONT color=#ff0000>str += ')';</FONT><br> leftpa = p;<br> }<br> <FONT color=#ff0000>stack<int> s;</FONT><br> for (<FONT color=#ff0000>string::iterator it=str.begin(); it!=str.end(); it++</FONT>) <br> { // 构造M编码<br> if (*it=='(')<br> s.<FONT color=#ff0000>push</FONT>(1);<br> else<br> {<br> int p = s.<FONT color=#ff0000>top</FONT>(); s.<FONT color=#ff0000>pop</FONT>();<br> cout << p << " ";<br> if (!s.<FONT color=#ff0000>empty</FONT>()) s.<FONT color=#ff0000>top</FONT>() += p;<br> }<br> }<br> cout << endl;<br> }<br> return 1;<br>}<br> </P></BLOCKQUOTE><H2>2、queue</H2><P>queue模板类的定义在<queue>头文件中。</P><P>与stack模板类很相似，queue模板类也需要两个模板参数，一个是元素类型，一个容器类型，元素类型是必要的，容器类型是可选的，默认为deque类型。</P><P>定义queue对象的示例代码如下：</P><BLOCKQUOTE><P>queue<int> q1;<br>queue<double> q2;</P></BLOCKQUOTE><P>queue的基本操作有：</P><BLOCKQUOTE><P>入队，如例：q.push(x); 将x接到队列的末端。</P><P>出队，如例：q.pop(); 弹出队列的第一个元素，注意，并不会返回被弹出元素的值。</P><P>访问队首元素，如例：q.front()，即最早被压入队列的元素。</P><P>访问队尾元素，如例：q.back()，即最后被压入队列的元素。</P><P>判断队列空，如例：q.empty()，当队列空时，返回true。</P><P>访问队列中的元素个数，如例：q.size()</P></BLOCKQUOTE><H2>3、priority_queue</H2><P>在<queue>头文件中，还定义了另一个非常有用的模板类priority_queue(优先队列）。优先队列与队列的差别在于优先队列不是按照入队的顺序出队，而是按照队列中元素的优先权顺序出队（默认为大者优先，也可以通过指定算子来指定自己的优先顺序）。</P><P>priority_queue模板类有三个模板参数，第一个是元素类型，第二个容器类型，第三个是比较算子。其中后两个都可以省略，默认容器为vector，默认算子为less，即小的往前排，大的往后排（出队时序列尾的元素出队）。</P><P>定义priority_queue对象的示例代码如下：</P><BLOCKQUOTE><P>priority_queue<int> q1;<br>priority_queue< pair<int, int> > q2; // 注意在两个尖括号之间一定要留空格。<br>priority_queue<int, vector<int>, greater<int> > q3; // 定义小的先出队</P></BLOCKQUOTE><P>priority_queue的基本操作与queue相同。</P><P>初学者在使用priority_queue时，最困难的可能就是如何定义比较算子了。</P><P>如果是基本数据类型，或已定义了比较运算符的类，可以直接用STL的less算子和greater算子——默认为使用less算子，即小的往前排，大的先出队。</P><P>如果要定义自己的比较算子，方法有多种，这里介绍其中的一种：重载比较运算符。优先队列试图将两个元素x和y代入比较运算符(对less算子，调用 x<y，对greater算子，调用x>y)，若结果为真，则x排在y前面，y将先于x出队，反之，则将y排在x前面，x将先出队。</P><P>看下面这个简单的示例：</P><BLOCKQUOTE><P>#include <iostream><br>#include <queue><br>using namespace std;<br>class T<br>{<br>public:<br> int x, y, z;<br> T(int a, int b, int c):x(a), y(b), z(c)<br> {<br> }<br>};<br>bool operator < (const T &t1, const T &t2)<br>{<br> return t1.z < t2.z; // 按照z的顺序来决定t1和t2的顺序<br>}<br>main()<br>{<br> priority_queue<T> q;<br> q.push(T(4,4,3));<br> q.push(T(2,2,5));<br> q.push(T(1,5,4));<br> q.push(T(3,3,6));<br><br> while (!q.empty())<br> {<br> T t = q.top(); q.pop();<br> cout << t.x << " " << t.y << " " << t.z << endl;<br> }<br> return 1;<br>}</P></BLOCKQUOTE><P>输出结果为(注意是按照z的顺序从大到小出队的)：</P><BLOCKQUOTE><P>3 3 <FONT color=#ff0000>6</FONT><br>2 2 <FONT color=#ff0000>5</FONT><br>1 5 <FONT color=#ff0000>4</FONT><br>4 4 <FONT color=#ff0000>3</FONT></P></BLOCKQUOTE><P>再看一个按照z的顺序从小到大出队的例子：</P><BLOCKQUOTE><P>#include <iostream><br>#include <queue><br>using namespace std;<br>class T<br>{<br> public:<br> int x, y, z;<br> T(int a, int b, int c):x(a), y(b), z(c)<br> {<br> }<br>};<br>bool operator > (const T &t1, const T &t2)<br>{<br> return t1.z > t2.z;<br>}<br>main()<br>{<br> priority_queue<T, vector<T>, greater<T> > q;<br> q.push(T(4,4,3));<br> q.push(T(2,2,5));<br> q.push(T(1,5,4));<br> q.push(T(3,3,6));<br><br> while (!q.empty())<br> {<br> T t = q.top(); q.pop();<br> cout << t.x << " " << t.y << " " << t.z << endl;<br> }<br> return 1;<br>}</P></BLOCKQUOTE><P>输出结果为：</P><BLOCKQUOTE><P>4 4 <FONT color=#ff0000>3</FONT><br>1 5 <FONT color=#ff0000>4</FONT><br>2 2 <FONT color=#ff0000>5</FONT><br>3 3 <FONT color=#ff0000>6</FONT></P></BLOCKQUOTE><P>如果我们把第一个例子中的比较运算符重载为：</P><BLOCKQUOTE><P>bool operator < (const T &t1, const T &t2)<br>{<br> return t1.z <FONT color=#ff0000>></FONT> t2.z; // 按照z的顺序来决定t1和t2的顺序<br>}</P></BLOCKQUOTE><P>则第一个例子的程序会得到和第二个例子的程序相同的输出结果。</P><P>再回顾一下用优先队列实现的题1067--Ugly Numbers的代码：</P><BLOCKQUOTE><P>#include <iostream><br>#include <queue><br>using namespace std;<br>typedef pair<unsigned long int, int> node_type;<br>main( int argc, char *argv[] )<br>{<br> unsigned long int result[1500];<br> priority_queue< node_type, vector<node_type>, greater<node_type> > Q;<br> Q.push( make_pair(1, 3) );<br> for (int i=0; i<1500; i++)<br> {<br> node_type node = Q.top();<br> Q.pop();<br> switch(node.second)<br> {<br> case 3: Q.push( make_pair(node.first*2, 3) );<br> case 2: Q.push( make_pair(node.first*3, 2) );<br> case 1: Q.push( make_pair(node.first*5, 1) );<br> }<br> result[i] = node.first;<br> }<br> int n;<br> cin >> n;<br> while (n>0)<br> {<br> cout << result[n-1] << endl; <br> cin >> n;<br> }<br> return 1;<br>}</P></BLOCKQUOTE><br><div align=right><font color=#000066>[此贴子已经被作者于2005-10-4 23:05:47编辑过]</font></div></td>
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<td width="*" align="absmiddle"><a href="messanger.asp?action=new&touser=XiaoLin" target="_blank"><img src="Skins/Default/message.gif" border="0" alt="给XiaoLin发送一个短消息" align="absmiddle"></a> <a href="friendlist.asp?action=addF&myFriend=XiaoLin" target="_blank"><img src="Skins/Default/friend.gif" border="0" alt="把XiaoLin加入好友" align="absmiddle"></a> <a href="dispuser.asp?id=13" target="_blank"><img src="Skins/Default/profile.gif" border="0" alt="查看XiaoLin的个人资料" align="absmiddle"></a> <a href="query.asp?stype=1&nSearch=3&keyword=XiaoLin&BoardID=9&SearchDate=ALL" target="_blank"><img src="Skins/Default/find.gif" border="0" alt="搜索XiaoLin在的所有贴子" align="absmiddle"></a> <a href="mailto:siwenzi@163.com"><img alt="点击这里发送电邮给XiaoLin" border="0" src="Skins/Default/email.gif" align="absmiddle"></a> <a href="post.asp?action=re&BoardID=9&replyID=151&id=41&star=1&reply=true"><img src="Skins/Default/reply.gif" border="0" alt="引用回复这个贴子" align="absmiddle"></a> <a href="post.asp?action=re&BoardID=9&replyID=151&id=41&star=1"><img src="Skins/Default/reply_a.gif" border="0" alt="回复这个贴子" align="absmiddle"></a></td>
<td width="70" align="right">第 <font color="#FF0000">3</font> 楼</td>
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<td width="*" height="100%" style="font-size:9pt;line-height:12pt" valign="top"><img src="Skins/Default/topicface/face1.gif" border="0" alt="发贴心情" align="absmiddle"> <B></B><BR><P>已阅^p^</P><P>看懂不代表会用阿，以后还要多加练习</P></td>
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<td class="tablebody1" valign="middle" align="center" width="175"><img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="Skins/Default/ip.gif" alt="发贴IP已设置保密"> 2005-10-05 00:19</td>
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