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<UL>
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<A HREF="#E69E272" >Example of SAMP</A></UL>
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<A HREF="#E68E257" >SCRIPT</A>
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<A HREF="#E69E273" >Example of SCRIPT</A></UL>
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<A HREF="#E68E258" >SELECT</A>
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<A HREF="#E69E274" >Example of SELECT</A></UL>
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<A HREF="#E68E259" >SMALL</A>
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<A HREF="#E69E275" >Example of SMALL</A></UL>
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<A HREF="#E68E260" >STRIKE</A>
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<A HREF="#E69E276" >Example of STRIKE</A></UL>
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<A HREF="#E68E261" >STRONG</A>
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<A HREF="#E69E277" >Example of STRONG</A></UL>
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<A HREF="#E68E262" >SUB</A>
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<A HREF="#E69E278" >Example of SUB</A></UL>
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<A HREF="#E68E263" >SUP</A>
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<A HREF="#E69E279" >Example of SUP</A></UL>
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<A HREF="#E68E264" >TABLE</A>
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<A HREF="#E69E280" >Example of TABLE</A></UL>
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<A HREF="#E68E265" >TBODY</A>
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<A HREF="#E69E281" >Example of TBODY</A></UL>
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<A HREF="#E68E266" >TD</A>
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<A HREF="#E69E282" >Example of TD</A></UL>
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<A HREF="#E68E267" >TEXTAREA</A>
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<A HREF="#E69E283" >Example of TEXTAREA</A></UL>
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<A HREF="#E68E268" >TFOOT</A>
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<A HREF="#E69E284" >Example of TFOOT </A></UL>
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<A HREF="#E68E269" >TH (Table Heading)</A>
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<A HREF="#E69E285" >Example of TH</A></UL>
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<A HREF="#E68E270" >THEAD</A>
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<A HREF="#E69E286" >Example of THEAD</A></UL>
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<A HREF="#E68E271" >TITLE</A>
<UL>
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<A HREF="#E69E287" >Example of TITLE</A></UL>
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<A HREF="#E68E272" >TR</A>
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<A HREF="#E69E288" >Example of TR</A></UL>
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<A HREF="#E68E273" >TT (Teletype)</A>
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<A HREF="#E69E289" >Example of TT</A></UL>
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<A HREF="#E68E274" >U (Underline)</A>
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<A HREF="#E69E290" >Example of U</A></UL>
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<A HREF="#E68E275" >UL (Unordered List)</A>
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<A HREF="#E68E276" >VAR</A>
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<A HREF="#E69E291" >Example of VAR</A></UL>
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<A HREF="#E68E277" >WBR</A>
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<A HREF="#E69E292" >Example of WBR</A></UL>
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<A HREF="#E68E278" >XMP (Example)</A>
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<LI>
<A HREF="#E69E293" >Example of XMP</A></UL></UL></UL></UL>
<HR ALIGN=CENTER>
<A NAME="E66E20"></A>
<H1 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=6 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>D</B></FONT></CENTER></H1>
<BR>
<A NAME="E67E27"></A>
<H2 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=6 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>HTML Reference Guide</B></FONT></CENTER></H2>
<BR>
<P>Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the most important component of the Web. It is responsible for providing the "formatting" to the pages you see every day on the Web.
<BR>
<P>HTML does not provide the formatting control you would expect, simply because different browsers render HTML in different ways. The task has been to abuse and creatively use tags to provide a desired look to a page. Creative types will find that HTML is fairly limited in what it can do; however, it is amazing to see the level of quality that can be brought out given the current control. The markup language is rapidly evolving to allow for more page-oriented layout, while keeping with the device-independent intent of HTML. Designers will always find a way of getting their intentions across.
<BR>
<P>Early in the Web, there was a lot of concern with being compatible with low resolution browsers such as Lynx—a text-only browser. Lynx has been used for a long time as a way of testing HTML for universal compatibility. This meant that you could not rely in the nonstandard HTML tags for your formatting or on graphic items alone for navigation. This interest—while still kept active by many people—is quickly dying out. I know of many Web service providers that will implement sites with a compatibility set to Netscape or Microsoft Internet Explorer. I believe that there's room for everybody, but the implementation specifications should really be set by the owner of the site and the intended target audience. This is due mostly to the evolution of the Web and supporting technologies. Personal bandwidth has increased very quickly, with 28.8Kbps modems becoming the low end, and faster technologies enabling higher bandwidth than it was thought possible over standard copper wires a few years ago. With the advent of inexpensive high bandwidth, visitors will demand more complex sites that offer a variety of multimedia presentation systems.
<BR>
<P>While many people will disagree, the reality of the Web is that much of the interest is based on the graphic appeal of a Web site. For once the graphical user interface (GUI) provided by a particular page is appealing, letting the visual types have more fun. Although Lynx does provide a serviceable interface to information you need while behind a terminal, the use of graphical browsers such as Netscape and Internet Explorer are where the technology is at.
<BR>
<P>This means that the basic design target has been changed to accommodate the features implemented by these browsers, perhaps at the expense of losing usability on the lower-end browsers. However, this has always been the argument in computers. Before GUI applications were popular, the issues were why did you need a mouse. Now that GUIs are the standard, many people find it dreadful to downgrade to a command prompt, although it may be very helpful sometimes. The Web is not TV; it is interactive. A great deal of its power comes from the its multimedia capabilities and its ability to give a feeling of being there. This can only be accomplished with graphic-capable browsers.
<BR>
<P>So to what standard should you develop your pages? It really depends on who is your target audience. If your message is too important <I>not</I> have it seen by some users, yet you want an enhanced site, the solution is simple: You'll need to prepare two or three versions of your pages that can be used with different levels of richness. This way you won't limit or stifle the more advanced browsers. You'll be able to provide features that will make it easier for people visiting your site to navigate through it. If their browser doesn't provide the proper support, then you'll have a scaled down version of your Web site that provides the information more plainly.
<BR>
<P>This doesn't mean the site is less capable; it just means that you are giving your users options. This also gives you the opportunity to provide different bandwidth versions of your site, which will allow people with the bigger intakes to enjoy more complex pages. Bandwidth conservation should still be a priority. A site should be designed to use the least amount of bandwidth possible given the design intent. This will allow your material to zip through. Your users will love it, and your server will be able to serve more users.
<BR>
<P>With that thought in mind, here's an HTML reference manual. This appendix is not intended as an HTML style guide. It assumes that you have a basic understanding of HTML. Most of the options you see will only work with Netscape or Microsoft Internet Explorer. At the current time of this writing, Microsoft just released, (Aug 13, 1996), Internet Explorer 3.0. Netscape, following suit, also will unleash their new Navigator. As I see it now, the competition is red hot. Both products have their advantages, and they offer an almost 99 percent feature match. I like them both equally well. However, I think in terms of the future, Netscape will have to be much further ahead to justify its price. Explorer is free and will ship with every new PC, giving it the price and distribution advantage.
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<BR>
<A NAME="E68E192"></A>
<H3 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=5 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>HTML Formatting Tag Structure</B></FONT></CENTER></H3>
<BR>
<P>HTML is a markup language, which means that text is marked up with tags to produce the desired results. You can create HTML with any good text editor. However, there are many editors specially made for editing and marking up HTML. HTML is fairly easy to learn. HTML markup tags surround text or other items that they affect. Tags are a formatting directive enclosed in angle brackets (< and >). Most tags have an opening and a closing tag. Opening tags are just the name of the directive. Closing tags prefix a forward slash (/) to the name of the directive. If the closing tag is optional, it is better to close them anyway in most cases. This will make your HTML style more consistent and readable, and will reduce problems associated with a missing close tag. Here's the basic syntax of any HTML tag:
<BR>
<BR>
<PRE>
<FONT COLOR="#000080"><<I>tag</I>>some object</<I>tag</I>></FONT></PRE>
<P>Some tags may contain additional options. For example, the <P> tag, which defines a new paragraph, allows some simple formatting in some browsers. These options are specified as <P ALIGN=center>...</P>. This simply says that the paragraph should align center. The closing tag never takes any arguments.
<BR>
<P>Formatting tags can be nested with other tags to produce compound results. However, the nesting order is important. Some tags don't like to be nested. Each tag described in this appendix will include an <I>elements </I><I>allowed within</I> and an <I>element is allowed inside</I> table. The first lists all the HTML elements that can nest inside the currently described element. The second lists all the HTML elements that can contain the currently described element.
<BR>
<BR>
<A NAME="E68E193"></A>
<H3 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=5 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>HTML Document Structure</B></FONT></CENTER></H3>
<BR>
<P>HTML documents have a very precise structure; they have a head and a body. In addition, HTML 3.2 requires that the first line of any HTML document you write contains the following line:
<BR>
<BR>
<PRE>
<FONT COLOR="#000080"><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN"></FONT></PRE>
<P>This specifies the version of HTML that you are using among other things. The basic structure for an HTML document is:
<BR>
<PRE>
<FONT COLOR="#000080"><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<I>infomration about your document</I>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<I>content, what users see</I>
</BODY>
</HTML></FONT></PRE>
</TABLE><P>The first thing you do is set the document type. Then that the document contains HTML markup. The HTML surrounds your document's content. Notice that HTML contains the HEAD and BODY sections.
<BR>
</TABLE><P>The HEAD element of an HTML document contains information about the document itself. This information is only usable by the browser and other programs. For example, browsers render the title of your document based on a TITLE element inside the HEAD section.
<BR>
</TABLE><P>The BODY element contains your content—information you want displayed to your users. This is what you see on your browser.
<BR>
</TABLE><P>The simplest HTML page you could write that does something useful is HelloWorld.html. This is what such a page would look like in HTML:
<BR>
<PRE>
<FONT COLOR="#000080"><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Hello World in HTML </TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<P>Hello World!</P>
</BODY>
</HTML></FONT></PRE>
<P>This example does a couple of things. It sets up the basic structure of the document and uses the TITLE element in the HEAD section. The TITLE element titles the document, and the browser uses this information to put a title in the windows title bar.
<BR>
<P>In the BODY section, our small sample starts a paragraph with the <P> tag, and then prints the words Hello World!. It finishes the paragraph with the optional close paragraph tag, </P>. There are many more elements that will help you control the organization and formatting of your document, but they all basically work in the same form.
<BR>
</TABLE><P>The list of elements that follows describes most, if not all, the elements as of HTML 3.2 that are implemented in the two most popular graphic browsers (Netscape and Internet Explorer). In the interest of saving space, all of the figures will show the HTML element's use with IE 3.0.
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<BR>
<A NAME="E68E194"></A>
<H3 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=5 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>A</B><B> (Anchor)</B></FONT></CENTER></H3>
<BR>
</TABLE><P>The A element defines a hyperlink anchor that references a resource. The referenced resource, or destination, can be located in the current document or in a different uniform resource locator (URL) altogether. The A element is the fundamental building element of the Web. It allows you to easily jump from one document to another.
<BR>
</TABLE><P>The basic syntax of the A element specifies an anchor address or Uniform Resource Identifier (URI). The URI is optionally followed by a pound symbol (#) and a token called a <I>fragment identifier</I>, which specifies a particular location within the referenced resource (a bookmark).
<BR>
</TABLE><P>The HREF attribute sets the target to be a URI or a local reference within the same document. Local references are specified by prefixing a token with a # symbol. Destinations or <I>fragment</I> identifiers are specified by using another <A> tag with the NAME attribute.
<BR>
<P>Activating a local reference will jump the browser to the location of the reference be it by scrolling the current document or by loading the referenced URL. Anchors are represented graphically by underlined text, but this visual clue is user controlled and can be turned off in most browsers. The A element requires a closing tag. A elements cannot nest. See Figure D.1 for an example of the A element.
<BR>
<P><B> <A HREF="javascript:if(confirm('http://docs.rinet.ru:8080/Apachu/xdasg01.gif \n\nThis file was not retrieved by Teleport Pro, because it was redirected to an invalid location. You should report this problem to the site\'s webmaster. \n\nDo you want to open it from the server?'))window.location='http://docs.rinet.ru:8080/Apachu/xdasg01.gif'" tppabs="http://docs.rinet.ru:8080/Apachu/xdasg01.gif">Figure D.1. The </B><B>A</B><B> element.</A></B>
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<TABLE BORDERCOLOR=#000040 BORDER=1 CELLSPACING=2 WIDTH="80%" CELLPADDING=2 >
<TR>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
Syntax:
</FONT>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
<A HREF=<I>url</I> NAME=#<I>token</I> REL=<I>relation</I> REV=<I>relation</I> TARGET=window-name TITLE=<I>title</I>>...</A></FONT>
</TABLE><P>The A element has the following options:
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<TABLE BORDERCOLOR=#000040 BORDER=1 CELLSPACING=2 WIDTH="80%" CELLPADDING=2 >
<TR>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
Option
</FONT>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
Description</FONT>
<TR>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
HREF=<I>url</I>
</FONT>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
Specifies a destination address. Resources are specified in URL format or as #<I>name</I> for a reference within the current document.</FONT>
<TR>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
NAME=<I>name</I>
</FONT>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
Defines a named anchor for use as a hyperlink destination.</FONT>
<TR>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
REL=<I>relation</I>
</FONT>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
Defines a relationship of the HREF (source) to the anchor (destination), which is authorized and recognized by the source document.</FONT>
<TR>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
REV=<I>relation</I>
</FONT>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
Defines a relationship anchor (destination) to the HREF (source), which is desired and claimed by the destination, but needs to be verified by the source.</FONT>
<TR>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
TITLE=<I>title</I>
</FONT>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
Informational token, used to describe the HREF</FONT>
<TR>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
TARGET=<I>window</I>
</FONT>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
Netscape 2.0 Extension that defines the window name for use by the retrieved hyperlink. If the named window is not yet open, Navigator will open a new window and assign this name to it.</FONT>
</TABLE><P>The A element is allowed within these elements:
<BR>
<UL>
<UL>
<P>APPLET, B, BIG, BR, CITE, CODE, DFN, EM, FONT, I, IMG, INPUT, KBD, MAP, SAMP, SCRIPT, SELECT, SMALL, STRIKE, STRONG, SUB, SUP, TEXTAREA, TT, U, and VAR
<BR>
</UL></UL>
</TABLE><P>The element is allowed inside the following:
<BR>
<UL>
<UL>
<P>ADDRESS, B, BIG, BLOCKQUOTE, BODY, CAPTION, CENTER, CITE, CODE, DD, DFN, DIV, DT, EM, FONT, FORM, H1...H6, I, KBD, LI, P, PRE, SAMP, SMALL, STRIKE, STRONG, SUB, SUP, TD, TEXTFLOW, TH, TT, U, and VAR
<BR>
</UL></UL>
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<A NAME="E69E219"></A>
<H4 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Example of </B><B>A</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>
<BR>
<PRE>
<FONT COLOR="#000080"><A NAME="accesslink">This is a text hyperlink to <A HREF="http://www.accesslink.com">accessLINK, inc.</A>
<P>
Graphics can be clickable images with a border:
<A HREF="#accesslink"><IMG SRC="websiteby.gif" ALT="Web Site By AccessLink"></A>
<P>
Or without: <A HREF="http://www.accesslink.com"><IMG SRC="websiteby.gif" BORDER=0></A></FONT></PRE>
<BR>
<A NAME="E68E195"></A>
<H3 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=5 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>ADDRESS</B></FONT></CENTER></H3>
<BR>
</TABLE><P>The ADDRESS element is used to render multiline contact information (such as a name, address, and signature). This element acts much like a paragraph; it automatically puts breaks before and after itself. The ADDRESS element requires a closing tag.
<BR>
<P><B> <A HREF="javascript:if(confirm('http://docs.rinet.ru:8080/Apachu/xdasg02.gif \n\nThis file was not retrieved by Teleport Pro, because it was redirected to an invalid location. You should report this problem to the site\'s webmaster. \n\nDo you want to open it from the server?'))window.location='http://docs.rinet.ru:8080/Apachu/xdasg02.gif'" tppabs="http://docs.rinet.ru:8080/Apachu/xdasg02.gif">Figure D.2. The </B><B>ADDRESS</B><B> element.</A></B>
<BR>
<TABLE BORDERCOLOR=#000040 BORDER=1 CELLSPACING=2 WIDTH="80%" CELLPADDING=2 >
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