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Suriname
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ST
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Sao Tome and Principe</FONT>
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SU
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USSR (former)
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SV
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El Salvador
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SY
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Syria
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SZ
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Swaziland
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TC
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Turks and Caicos Islands
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TD
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Chad
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TF
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French Southern Territories
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TG
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Togo
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TH
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Thailand
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TJ
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Tajikistan
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TK
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Tokelau
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TM
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Turkmenistan
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TN
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Tunisia
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TO
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Tonga
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TP
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East Timor
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TR
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Turkey
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TT
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Trinidad and Tobago
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TV
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Tuvalu
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TW
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Taiwan
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TZ
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Tanzania
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UA
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Ukraine
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UG
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Uganda
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UK
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United Kingdom
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UM
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U.S. Minor Outlying Islands
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US
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United States
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UY
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Uruguay
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UZ
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Uzbekistan
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VA
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Vatican City State (Holy See)
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VC
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Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
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VE
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Venezuela
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VG
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Virgin Islands (British)
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VI
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Virgin Islands (U.S.)
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VN
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Vietnam
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VU
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Vanuatu
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WF
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Wallis and Futuna Islands
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WS
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Samoa
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YE
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Yemen
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YT
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Mayotte
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YU
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Yugoslavia
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ZA
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South Africa
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ZM
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Zambia
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ZR
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Zaire
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ZW
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Zimbabwe
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COM
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U.S. commercial
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EDU
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U.S. educational
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GOV
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U.S. government
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INT
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International
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MIL
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U.S. military
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NET
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Network
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ORG
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Nonprofit organization
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ARPA
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Old style Arpanet
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NATO
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NATO field</FONT>
</TABLE><BR>
<A NAME="E68E281"></A>
<H3 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=5 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>How </B><B>named</B><B> Works</B></FONT></CENTER></H3>
<BR>
<P>named (pronounced name-d) is the BIND name server daemon. This software answers queries about hostnames and IP addresses. When named doesn't know the answer to a query, it asks other servers (typically in the top-level domains) that provide information on how to contact other name servers responsible for the domain in question. named caches this information in case there's a need to find another host near that domain. This allows it to ask a closer name server for the answer in future queries. This effectively skips the top-level name servers from the process and reduces the overall effort required to obtain the new address.
<BR>
<P>There are three types of name servers:
<BR>
<UL>
<LI>Primary
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>Secondary
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>Caching-only
<BR>
<BR>
</UL>
<P>Name servers are distinguished by the source of their information and if the server providing the information is authoritative for the domain. Authoritative name servers provide information that is "guaranteed" to be correct. While nonauthoritative answers are usually correct, primary and secondary servers for a domain are the only servers authoritative for the information. Caching-only name servers are never authoritative, although they help speed up the process a great deal.
<BR>
<P>I should qualify the guaranteed qualifier I used in the last paragraph. It is possible for information provided by a secondary name server to be stale. Unless the System Administrator manually updates the secondary servers, it is possible for secondary servers to distribute stale information until their <I>refresh period</I> expires. A refresh period forces secondary name servers to check for changes on the domain database file after the period of time specified by the Administrator managing the domain is complete. Typically this period is no longer than six hours.
<BR>
<P>If you were wondering about the reliability of cached information, it will satisfy your curiosity to learn that DNS information is usually cached for a little while. Cached information only exists until the Time To Live (TTL) delay expires. The TTL for DNS-cached records is usually set to one day. You should also be aware that the top-level and sometimes second-level domain name servers never cache information. Otherwise, top-level information could be vulnerable to tainted information. Also, because of the amount of information they handle, their caches would quickly grow and bloat, which increases the computational load required to find an answer.
<BR>
<BR>
<A NAME="E68E282"></A>
<H3 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=5 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Running Your Own Domain Name Server</B></FONT></CENTER></H3>
<BR>
<P>Before you proceed, you will need to register your domain name with the InterNIC if your domain falls into any of the ORG, NET, EDU, GOV, and COM domains. If you want to register a U.S. domain, go to <A HREF="javascript:if(confirm('http://www.isi.edu/in-notes/usdnr \n\nThis file was not retrieved by Teleport Pro, because it is addressed on a domain or path outside the boundaries set for its Starting Address. \n\nDo you want to open it from the server?'))window.location='http://www.isi.edu/in-notes/usdnr'" tppabs="http://www.isi.edu/in-notes/usdnr"> http://www.isi.edu/in-notes/usdnr</A>.
<BR>
<P>Registering your domain involves a few steps:
<BR>
<OL>
<LI>Figure out where in the domain hierarchy your organization falls.
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>Find a domain name that is not in use by another site in that domain hierarchy.
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>If you are not on the Internet yet, find someone that will host a temporary name server for you.
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>Fill out an application.
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>Wait for the application to be approved.
<BR>
<BR>
</OL>
<P>Registering your own domain can be a great thing. It establishes your identity in the Internet, and it makes you available to the world. To search for names that have not been taken, you can visit http://rs.internic.net for searches involving ORG, NET, EDU, GOV, and COM domains. To search in the U.S. subdomain, visit http://www.isi.edu/in-notes/usdnr).
<BR>
<P>Choose the registration services link. Once on that page, choose the <I>Whois registration tool</I>. This page gives you a Web interface to the whois program. The whois program allows you to research domain name information among other things. If you find a match, your name is in use. Some things to keep in mind: domain names cannot be longer than 26 characters and can only contain letters, digits, and dashes.
<BR>
<P>Once you find a name that is not in use, you can go ahead and complete the World Wide Web application form. You will need to have the address for two name servers that supply information about your domain. The machines⌨️ 快捷键说明
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