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<html><head><title>Beginner's Guide (UNIX in a Nutshell: System V Edition)</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../style/style1.css" /><meta name="DC.Creator" content="Arnold Robbins" /><meta name="DC.Format" content="text/xml" scheme="MIME" /><meta name="DC.Language" content="en-US" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="O'Reilly &amp; Associates, Inc." /><meta name="DC.Source" scheme="ISBN" content="1-56592-427-4" /><meta name="DC.Subject.Keyword" content="stuff" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="UNIX in a Nutshell: System V Edition" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text.Monograph" /></head><body bgcolor="#ffffff"><img src="gifs/smbanner.gif" usemap="#banner-map" border="0" alt="Book Home" /><map name="banner-map"><area shape="rect" coords="1,-2,616,66" href="index.htm" alt="Book Title" /><area shape="rect" coords="629,-11,726,25" href="jobjects/fsearch.htm" alt="Search this book" /></map><div class="navbar"><table width="684" border="0"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="228"><a href="ch01_03.htm"><img src="../gifs/txtpreva.gif" alt="Previous" border="0" /></a></td><td align="center" valign="top" width="228" /><td align="right" valign="top" width="228"><a href="ch01_05.htm"><img src="../gifs/txtnexta.gif" alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td></tr></table></div><h2 class="sect1">1.4. Beginner's Guide</h2><p><a name="unut-ch-1-ix-commands-basic-list-of" />If you're just beginning to work on a Unix system, the abundance of commands might prove daunting.To help orient you, the following lists present a small sampling of commands on various topics.</p><a name="unut-ch-1-sect-4.1" /><div class="sect2"><h3 class="sect2">1.4.1. Communication</h3><table border="1" cellpadding="3"><tr><td><tt class="literal">ftp</tt></td><td>File transfer protocol.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">login</tt></td><td>Sign on to Unix.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">mailx</tt></td><td>Read or send mail.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">rlogin</tt></td><td>Sign on to remote Unix.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">talk</tt></td><td>Write to other terminals.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">telnet</tt></td><td>Connect to another system.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">vacation</tt></td><td>Respond to mail automatically.</td></tr></table></div><a name="unut-ch-1-sect-4.2" /><div class="sect2"><h3 class="sect2">1.4.2. Comparisons</h3><table border="1" cellpadding="3"><tr><td><tt class="literal">cmp</tt></td><td>Compare two files, byte by byte.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">comm</tt></td><td>Compare items in two sorted files.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">diff</tt></td><td>Compare two files, line by line.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">diff3</tt></td><td>Compare three files.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">dircmp</tt></td><td>Compare directories.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">sdiff</tt></td><td>Compare two files, side by side.</td></tr></table><p></div><a name="unut-ch-1-sect-4.3" /><div class="sect2"><h3 class="sect2">1.4.3. File Management</h3><table border="1" cellpadding="3"><tr><td><tt class="literal">cat</tt></td><td>Concatenate files or display them.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">cd</tt></td><td>Change directory.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">chmod</tt></td><td>Change access modes on files.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">cp</tt></td><td>Copy files.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">csplit</tt></td><td>Break files at specific locations.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">file</tt></td><td>Determine a file's type.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">head</tt></td><td>Show the first few lines of a file.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">ln</tt></td><td>Create filename aliases.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">ls</tt></td><td>List files or directories.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">mkdir</tt></td><td>Create a directory.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">more</tt></td><td>Display files by screenful.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">mv</tt></td><td>Move or rename files or directories.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">pwd</tt></td><td>Print working directory.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">rcp</tt></td><td>Copy files to remote system.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">rm</tt></td><td>Remove files.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">rmdir</tt></td><td>Remove directories.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">split</tt></td><td>Split files evenly.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">tail</tt></td><td>Show the last few lines of a file.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">wc</tt></td><td>Count lines, words, and characters.</td></tr></table><p></div><a name="unut-ch-1-sect-4.4" /><div class="sect2"><h3 class="sect2">1.4.4. Miscellaneous</h3><table border="1" cellpadding="3"><tr><td><tt class="literal">banner</tt></td><td>Make posters from words.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">bc</tt></td><td>Arbitrary precision calculator.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">cal</tt></td><td>Display calendar.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">calendar</tt></td><td>Check for reminders.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">clear</tt></td><td>Clear the screen.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">man</tt></td><td>Get information on a command.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">nice</tt></td><td>Reduce a job's priority.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">nohup</tt></td><td>Preserve a running job after logging out.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">passwd</tt></td><td>Set your login password.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">script</tt></td><td>Produce a transcript of your login session.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">spell</tt></td><td>Report misspelled words.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">su</tt></td><td>Become a superuser.</td></tr></table><p></div><a name="unut-ch-1-sect-4.5" /><div class="sect2"><h3 class="sect2">1.4.5. Printing</h3><table border="1" cellpadding="3"><tr><td><tt class="literal">cancel</tt></td><td>Cancel a printer request.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">lp</tt></td><td>Send to the printer.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">lpstat</tt></td><td>Get printer status.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">pr</tt></td><td>Format and paginate for printing.</td></tr></table><p></div><a name="unut-ch-1-sect-4.6" /><div class="sect2"><h3 class="sect2">1.4.6. Programming</h3><table border="1" cellpadding="3"><tr><td><tt class="literal">cb</tt></td><td>C source code &#8220;beautifier.&#8221;</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">cc</tt></td><td>C compiler.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">cflow</tt></td><td>C function flowchart.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">ctags</tt></td><td>C function references (for <tt class="literal">vi</tt>).</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">ctrace</tt></td><td>C debugger using function call tracing.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">cxref</tt></td><td>C cross-references.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">lint</tt></td><td>C program analyzer.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">ld</tt></td><td>Loader.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">lex</tt></td><td>Lexical analyzer generator.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">make</tt></td><td>Execute commands in a specified order.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">od</tt></td><td>Dump input in various formats.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">strip</tt></td><td>Remove data from an object file.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">truss</tt></td><td>Trace signals and system calls.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">yacc</tt></td><td><p>Parser generator.Can be used with <tt class="literal">lex</tt>.</p></td></tr></table><p></div><a name="unut-ch-1-sect-4.7" /><div class="sect2"><h3 class="sect2">1.4.7. Searching</h3><table border="1" cellpadding="3"><tr><td><tt class="literal">egrep</tt></td><td>Extended version of <tt class="literal">grep</tt>.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">fgrep</tt></td><td>Search files for literal words.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">find</tt></td><td>Search the system for filenames.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">grep</tt></td><td>Search files for text patterns.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">strings</tt></td><td>Search binary files for text patterns.</td></tr></table><p></div><a name="unut-ch-1-sect-4.8" /><div class="sect2"><h3 class="sect2">1.4.8. Shell Programming</h3><table border="1" cellpadding="3"><tr><td><tt class="literal">echo</tt></td><td>Repeat command-line arguments on the output.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">expr</tt></td><td>Perform arithmetic and comparisons.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">line</tt></td><td>Read a line of input.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">printf</tt></td><td>Format and print command-line arguments.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">sleep</tt></td><td>Pause during processing.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">test</tt></td><td>Test a condition.</td></tr></table><p></div><a name="unut-ch-1-sect-4.9" /><div class="sect2"><h3 class="sect2">1.4.9. Storage</h3><table border="1" cellpadding="3"><tr><td><tt class="literal">compress</tt></td><td>Compress files to free up space.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">cpio</tt></td><td>Copy archives in or out.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">gunzip</tt></td><td><p>Expand compressed (<tt class="literal">.gz</tt> and<tt class="literal">.Z</tt>) files (preferred).</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">gzcat</tt></td><td><p>Display contents of compressed files (may be linkedto <tt class="literal">zcat</tt>).</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">gzip</tt></td><td>Compress files to free up space (preferred).</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">tar</tt></td><td>Tape archiver.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">uncompress</tt></td><td>Expand compressed (<tt class="literal">.Z</tt>) files.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">zcat</tt></td><td>Display contents of compressed files.</td></tr></table><p></div><a name="unut-ch-1-sect-4.10" /><div class="sect2"><h3 class="sect2">1.4.10. System Status</h3><table border="1" cellpadding="3"><tr><td><tt class="literal">at</tt></td><td>Execute commands later.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">chgrp</tt></td><td>Change file group.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">chown</tt></td><td>Change file owner.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">crontab</tt></td><td>Automate commands.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">date</tt></td><td>Display or set date.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">df</tt></td><td>Show free disk space.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">du</tt></td><td>Show disk usage.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">env</tt></td><td>Show environment variables.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">finger</tt></td><td>Display information about users.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">kill</tt></td><td>Terminate a running command.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">ps</tt></td><td>Show processes.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">stty</tt></td><td>Set or display terminal settings.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">who</tt></td><td>Show who is logged on.</td></tr></table><p></div><a name="unut-ch-1-sect-4.11" /><div class="sect2"><h3 class="sect2">1.4.11. Text Processing</h3><table border="1" cellpadding="3"><tr><td><tt class="literal">cut</tt></td><td>Select columns for display.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">ex</tt></td><td>Line editor underlying <tt class="literal">vi</tt>.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">fmt</tt></td><td>Produce roughly uniform line lengths.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">join</tt></td><td>Merge different columns into a database.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">nawk</tt></td><td><p>New version of <tt class="literal">awk</tt> (pattern-matchinglanguage for textual database files).</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">paste</tt></td><td>Merge columns or switch order.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">sed</tt></td><td>Noninteractive text editor.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">sort</tt></td><td>Sort or merge files.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">tr</tt></td><td>Translate (redefine) characters.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">uniq</tt></td><td>Find repeated or unique lines in a file.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">vi</tt></td><td>Visual text editor.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">xargs</tt></td><td>Process many arguments in manageable portions.</td></tr></table><p></div><a name="unut-ch-1-sect-4.12" /><div class="sect2"><h3 class="sect2">1.4.12. nroff and troff</h3><p>In SVR4,all but <tt class="literal">deroff</tt> are in the compatibility packages.Solaris comes bundled with a modern version of <tt class="literal">troff</tt>and its preprocessors (<tt class="literal">pic</tt> isn't included).</p><table border="1" cellpadding="3"><tr><td><tt class="literal">deroff</tt></td><td>Remove <tt class="literal">troff</tt> codes.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">eqn</tt></td><td>Preprocessor for equations.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">nroff</tt></td><td>Formatter for terminal display.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">pic</tt></td><td>Preprocessor for line graphics.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">refer</tt></td><td>Preprocessor for bibliographic references.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">tbl</tt></td><td>Preprocessor for tables.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">troff</tt></td><td>Formatter for typesetting (including PostScript printers).</td></tr></table><p><a name="IXT-1-121790" /></div><hr width="684" align="left" /><div class="navbar"><table width="684" border="0"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="228"><a href="ch01_03.htm"><img src="../gifs/txtpreva.gif" alt="Previous" border="0" /></a></td><td align="center" valign="top" width="228"><a href="index.htm"><img src="../gifs/txthome.gif" alt="Home" border="0" /></a></td><td align="right" valign="top" width="228"><a href="ch01_05.htm"><img src="../gifs/txtnexta.gif" alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="228">1.3. What's in the Quick Reference</td><td align="center" valign="top" width="228"><a href="index/index.htm"><img src="../gifs/index.gif" alt="Book Index" border="0" /></a></td><td align="right" valign="top" width="228">1.5. Guide for Users of BSD-Derived Systems</td></tr></table></div><hr width="684" align="left" /><img src="../gifs/navbar.gif" usemap="#library-map" border="0" alt="Library Navigation Links" /><p><font size="-1"><a href="copyrght.htm">Copyright &copy; 2003</a> O'Reilly &amp; Associates. 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