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<html><head><title>Escape Sequences (UNIX in a Nutshell: System V Edition)</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../style/style1.css" /><meta name="DC.Creator" content="Arnold Robbins" /><meta name="DC.Format" content="text/xml" scheme="MIME" /><meta name="DC.Language" content="en-US" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="O'Reilly & Associates, Inc." /><meta name="DC.Source" scheme="ISBN" content="1-56592-427-4" /><meta name="DC.Subject.Keyword" content="stuff" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="UNIX in a Nutshell: System V Edition" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text.Monograph" /></head><body bgcolor="#ffffff"><img src="gifs/smbanner.gif" usemap="#banner-map" border="0" alt="Book Home" /><map name="banner-map"><area shape="rect" coords="1,-2,616,66" href="index.htm" alt="Book Title" /><area shape="rect" coords="629,-11,726,25" href="jobjects/fsearch.htm" alt="Search this book" /></map><div class="navbar"><table width="684" border="0"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="228"><a href="ch12_06.htm"><img src="../gifs/txtpreva.gif" alt="Previous" border="0" /></a></td><td align="center" valign="top" width="228" /><td align="right" valign="top" width="228"><a href="ch12_08.htm"><img src="../gifs/txtnexta.gif" alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td></tr></table></div><h2 class="sect1">12.7. Escape Sequences</h2><table border="1" cellpadding="3"><tr><th><em class="emphasis">Sequence</em></th><th><em class="emphasis">Effect</em></th></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\\</tt></td><td>Prevent or delay the interpretation of \.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\e</tt></td><td><p>Printable version of the current escape character (usually <tt class="literal">\</tt>).<a name="IXT-12-123398" /><a name="IXT-12-123399" /><a name="IXT-12-123400" /></p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\'</tt></td><td><p><tt class="literal">´</tt> (acute accent); equivalent to <tt class="literal">\(aa</tt>.</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\‘</tt></td><td><p><tt class="literal">‘</tt> (grave accent); equivalent to <tt class="literal">\(ga</tt>.</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\-</tt></td><td>– (minus sign in the current font).</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\.</tt></td><td>Period (dot).</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\</tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>space</tt></em></td><td><p>Unpaddable space-size space character.</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\</tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>newline</tt></em></td><td>Concealed (ignored) newline.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\0</tt></td><td>Digit-width space.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\|</tt></td><td><p>1/6-em narrow space character (zero width in <tt class="literal">nroff</tt>).</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\^</tt></td><td><p>1/12-em half-narrow space character (zero width in <tt class="literal">nroff</tt>).</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\&</tt></td><td><p>Nonprinting, zero-width character.</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\!</tt></td><td>Transparent line indicator.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\"</tt></td><td>Beginning of comment.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\$</tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>n</em></td><td>Interpolate macro argument 1 <img src="figs/le.gif" alt="Figure " /> <em class="emphasis">n</tt></em> <img src="figs/le.gif" alt="Figure " /> 9.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\%</tt></td><td><p>Default optional hyphenation character.</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\(</tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>xx</em></td><td><p>Character named <em class="emphasis">xx</tt></em>.See <a href="ch12_09.htm#unut-ch-12-sect-9">Section 12.9</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\*</tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>x</em> or <tt class="literal">\*(</tt><em class="replaceable">xx</em></td><td>Interpolate string <em class="emphasis">x</em> or <em class="emphasis">xx</tt></em>.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\a</tt></td><td>Noninterpreted leader character.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\b'</tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>abc</tt></em>...<tt class="literal">'</tt></td><td>Bracket-building function.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\c</tt></td><td>Make next line continuous with current.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\C'</tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>abcd</em><tt class="literal">'</tt></td><td><p>Character named <em class="emphasis">abcd</tt></em>(<tt class="literal">ditroff</tt> only).</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\d</tt></td><td><p>Forward (down) 1/2-em vertical motion (1/2 line in <tt class="literal">nroff</tt>).</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\D'l </tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>x</em><tt class="literal">,</tt><em class="replaceable">y</tt></em><tt class="literal">'</tt></td><td><p>Draw a line from current position bydeltas <em class="emphasis">x,y</em> (<tt class="literal">ditroff</tt> only).</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\D'c</tt> <em class="replaceable"><tt>d</em><tt class="literal">'</tt></td><td><p>Draw circle of diameter <em class="emphasis">d</tt></em> with left edgeat current position (<tt class="literal">ditroff</tt> only).</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\D'e</tt> <em class="replaceable"><tt>d1 d2</em><tt class="literal">'</tt></td><td><p>Draw ellipse with horizontal diameter <em class="emphasis">d1</tt></em>and vertical diameter <em class="emphasis">d2</em>, with left edge at current position (<tt class="literal">ditroff</tt> only).</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\D'a</tt> <em class="replaceable"><tt>x1 y1 x2 y2</tt></em><tt class="literal">'</tt></td><td><p>Draw arc counterclockwise from currentposition, with center at <em class="emphasis">x1,y1</em> and endpoint at <em class="emphasis">x1+x2,y1+y2</em> (<tt class="literal">ditroff</tt> only).</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\D'~</tt> <em class="replaceable"><tt>x1 y1 x2 y2</tt></em>...<tt class="literal">'</tt></td><td><p>Draw spline from currentposition through the specified coordinates (<tt class="literal">ditroff</tt> only).</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\f</tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>x</em> or <tt class="literal">\f(</tt><em class="replaceable">xx</em> or <tt class="literal">\f</tt><em class="replaceable">n</em></td><td><p>Change to font named <em class="emphasis">x</em> or <em class="emphasis">xx</tt></em> or to position <em class="emphasis">n</em>.If <em class="emphasis">x</em> is <tt class="literal">P</tt>, return to theprevious font.</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\g</tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>x</em> or <tt class="literal">\g(</tt><em class="replaceable">xx</em></td><td><p>Format of number register <em class="emphasis">x</em> or <em class="emphasis">xx</tt></em>,suitable for use with <tt class="literal">.af</tt></p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\h'</tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>n</tt></em><tt class="literal">'</tt></td><td><p>Local horizontal motion; move right <em class="emphasis">n</em> or, if <em class="emphasis">n</em> is negative, move left.</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\H'</tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>n'</em></td><td><p>Set character height to <em class="emphasis">n</tt></em> points,without changing width (<tt class="literal">ditroff</tt> only).</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\k</tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>x</em></td><td><p>Mark horizontal <em class="emphasis">input</tt></em> place in register <em class="emphasis">x</em>.</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\l'</tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>nc</em><tt class="literal">'</tt></td><td><p>Draw horizontal line of length <em class="emphasis">n</tt></em>(optionally with <em class="emphasis">c</em>).</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\L'</tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>nc</em><tt class="literal">'</tt></td><td><p>Draw vertical line of length <em class="emphasis">n</tt></em>(optionally with <em class="emphasis">c</em>).</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\n</tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>x</em>, <tt class="literal">\n(</tt><em class="replaceable">xx</em></td><td><p>Interpolate number register <em class="emphasis">x</em> or <em class="emphasis">xx</tt></em>.</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\n+</tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>x</em>, <tt class="literal">\n+(</tt><em class="replaceable">xx</em></td><td><p>Interpolate number register <em class="emphasis">x</em> or <em class="emphasis">xx</tt></em>,applying auto-increment.</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\n-</tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>x</em>, <tt class="literal">\n-(</tt><em class="replaceable">xx</em></td><td><p>Interpolate number register <em class="emphasis">x</em> or <em class="emphasis">xx</tt></em>,applying auto-decrement.</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\N'</tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>n</em><tt class="literal">'</tt></td><td><p>Character number <em class="emphasis">n</tt></em> in the current font(<tt class="literal">ditroff</tt> only).</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\o'</tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>abc</em>...<tt class="literal">'</tt></td><td><p>Overstrike characters <em class="emphasis">a</em>, <em class="emphasis">b</tt></em>,<em class="emphasis">c</em> ...</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\p</tt></td><td>Break and spread output line.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\r</tt></td><td><p>Reverse 1-em vertical motion(reverse line in <tt class="literal">nroff</tt>).</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\s</tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>n</em>, <tt class="literal">\s±</tt><em class="replaceable">n</em></td><td><p>Change point size to <em class="emphasis">n</tt></em> orincrement by <em class="emphasis">n</em>. For example, <tt class="literal">\s0</tt> returns to previous point size.</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\s(</tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>nn</em>, <tt class="literal">\s±(</tt><em class="replaceable">nn</tt></em></td><td><p>Just like <tt class="literal">\s</tt>, but allow unambiguous two-characterpoint sizes (recent <tt class="literal">ditroff</tt> only).</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\S'</tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>n</em><tt class="literal">'</tt></td><td><p>Slant output <em class="emphasis">n</tt></em> degrees to the right.Negative values slant to the left. A value of zero turns off slanting (<tt class="literal">ditroff</tt> only).</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\t</tt></td><td><p>Noninterpreted horizontal tab.</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\u</tt></td><td><p>Reverse (up) 1/2-em vertical motion (1/2 line in <tt class="literal">nroff</tt>).</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\v'</tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>n</tt></em><tt class="literal">'</tt></td><td><p>Local vertical motion; move down <em class="emphasis">n</em>, or, if <em class="emphasis">n</em> is negative, move up.</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\w'</tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>string</em><tt class="literal">'</tt></td><td><p>Interpolate width of <em class="emphasis">string</tt></em>.</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\x'</tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>n</tt></em><tt class="literal">'</tt></td><td><p>Extra line-space function (<em class="emphasis">n</em> negative provides space before,<em class="emphasis">n</em> positive provides after).</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\X'</tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>text</em><tt class="literal">'</tt></td><td><p>Output <em class="emphasis">text</tt></em> as a device control function(<tt class="literal">ditroff</tt> only).</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\z</tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>c</em></td><td><p>Print <em class="emphasis">c</tt></em> with zero width (without spacing).</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\{</tt></td><td>Begin multiline conditional input.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\}</tt></td><td>End multiline conditional input.</td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">\</tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>x</em></td><td><em class="emphasis">x</tt></em>, any character not listed above.</td></tr></table><p><hr width="684" align="left" /><div class="navbar"><table width="684" border="0"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="228"><a href="ch12_06.htm"><img src="../gifs/txtpreva.gif" alt="Previous" border="0" /></a></td><td align="center" valign="top" width="228"><a href="index.htm"><img src="../gifs/txthome.gif" alt="Home" border="0" /></a></td><td align="right" valign="top" width="228"><a href="ch12_08.htm"><img src="../gifs/txtnexta.gif" alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="228">12.6. Alphabetical Summary of Requests</td><td align="center" valign="top" width="228"><a href="index/index.htm"><img src="../gifs/index.gif" alt="Book Index" border="0" /></a></td><td align="right" valign="top" width="228">12.8. Predefined Registers</td></tr></table></div><hr width="684" align="left" /><img src="../gifs/navbar.gif" usemap="#library-map" border="0" alt="Library Navigation Links" /><p><p><font size="-1"><a href="copyrght.htm">Copyright © 2003</a> O'Reilly & Associates. 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