ch02_01.htm

unix基础教程

<a name="IXT-2-121851" />
<a name="IXT-2-121852" />Cancel print requests made with <tt class="literal">lp</tt>.
The request can be specified by its ID, by the <em class="emphasis">printer</em>
on which it is currently printing, or by the username
associated with the request (only privileged users can cancel
another user's print requests).
Use <tt class="literal">lpstat</tt> to determine either the <em class="emphasis">id</em> or
the <em class="emphasis">printer</em> to cancel.</p>
<h4 class="refsect2">Options</h4><dl><dt><i><tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>id</em></tt></i></dt><dd>Cancel print request <em class="emphasis">id</tt></em></tt>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><tt class="literal">-u</tt> <tt><em class="replaceable">user</em></tt></dt><dd>Cancel request associated with <em class="emphasis">user</em></tt>.</p>
</dd>
</dl>

</td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name="cat">cat</a></a></td><td><tt class="literal">cat</tt> [<em class="replaceable"><tt>options</em>] [<em class="replaceable">files</tt></em>]
<p>
<a name="IXT-2-121853" />
<a name="IXT-2-121854" />
<a name="IXT-2-121855" />
<a name="IXT-2-121856" />
<a name="IXT-2-121857" />Read one or more <em class="emphasis">files</em> and print them on standard output.
Read standard input if no <em class="emphasis">files</em> are specified or if <tt class="literal">&#8211;</tt>
is specified
as one of the files; end input with <em class="emphasis">EOF</em>.
Use the <tt class="literal">&gt;</tt> shell operator to combine several files into
a new file; <tt class="literal">&gt;&gt;</tt> appends files to an existing file.</p>
<h4 class="refsect2">Options</h4><dl><dt><tt class="literal">-b</tt></dt><dd>Like <tt class="literal">-n</tt>, but don't number blank lines. Solaris only.</p>
</dd>
<dt><tt class="literal">-e</tt></dt><dd>Print a <tt class="literal">$</tt> to mark the end of each line. Must be used with <tt class="literal">-v</tt>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><tt class="literal">-n</tt></dt><dd>Number lines. Solaris only.</p>
</dd>
<dt><tt class="literal">-s</tt></dt><dd>Suppress messages about nonexistent files. (Note:  On some systems,
<tt class="literal">-s</tt> squeezes out extra blank lines.)</p>
</dd>
<dt><tt class="literal">-t</tt></dt><dd>Print each tab as <tt class="literal">^I</tt> and each form feed as <tt class="literal">^L</tt>.
Must be used with <tt class="literal">-v</tt>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><tt class="literal">-u</tt></dt><dd>Print output as unbuffered (default is buffered in blocks or
screen lines).</p>
</dd>
<dt><tt class="literal">-v</tt></dt><dd>Display control characters and other nonprinting characters.</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<h4 class="refsect2">Examples</h4>

<blockquote><pre class="code">
<tt class="userinput"><b>cat ch1                             </b></tt> <i class="lineannotation">Display a file</i>
<tt class="userinput"><b>
cat ch1 ch2 ch3 &gt; all               </b></tt> <i class="lineannotation">Combine files</i>
<tt class="userinput"><b>
cat note5 &gt;&gt; notes                  </b></tt> <i class="lineannotation">Append to a file</i>
<tt class="userinput"><b>
cat &gt; temp1                         </b></tt> <i class="lineannotation">Create file at terminal; end with EOF</i>
<tt class="userinput"><b>
cat &gt; temp2 &lt;&lt; STOP                 </b></tt> <i class="lineannotation">Create file at terminal; end with STOP</i></pre></blockquote>

</td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name="cb">cb</a></a></td><td><tt class="literal">cb</tt> [<tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>options</em></tt>] [<tt><em class="replaceable">files</tt></em></tt>]
<p>
<a name="IXT-2-121858" />
<a name="IXT-2-121859" />
<a name="IXT-2-121860" />C program &#8220;beautifier&#8221; that formats <em class="emphasis">files</em></tt> using proper C programming
structure.</p>
<h4 class="refsect2">Options</h4><dl><dt><tt class="literal">-j</tt></dt><dd>Join split lines.</p>
</dd>
<dt><tt class="literal">-l</tt> <tt><em class="replaceable">length</em></tt></dt><dd>Split lines longer than <em class="emphasis">length</em></tt>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><tt class="literal">-s</tt></dt><dd>Standardize code to style of Kernighan and Ritchie in <em class="citetitle">The C
Programming Language</em>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><tt class="literal">-V</tt></dt><dd>Print the version of <tt class="literal">cb</tt> on standard error.</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<h4 class="refsect2">Example</h4><blockquote><pre class="code"><tt class="userinput"><b>cb -l 70 calc.c &gt; calc_new.c</b></tt></pre></blockquote>

</td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name="cc">cc</a></a></td><td><tt class="literal">/usr/ccs/bin/cc</tt> [<tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>options</em></tt>] <tt><em class="replaceable">files</tt></em></tt>
<p>
<a name="IXT-2-121861" />
<a name="IXT-2-121862" />
<a name="IXT-2-121863" />
<a name="IXT-2-121864" />
<a name="IXT-2-121865" />Compile one or more C source files (<em class="emphasis">file</em></tt><tt class="literal">.c</tt>),
assembler source files (<em class="emphasis">file</em></tt><tt class="literal">.s</tt>),
or preprocessed C source files (<em class="emphasis">file</em></tt><tt class="literal">.i</tt>).
<tt class="literal">cc</tt> automatically invokes the loader <tt class="literal">ld</tt>
(unless <tt class="literal">-c</tt> is supplied).
In some cases, <tt class="literal">cc</tt> generates an object file
having a <tt class="literal">.o</tt> suffix and a corresponding root name.
By default, output is placed in <tt class="literal">a.out</tt>.
<tt class="literal">cc</tt> accepts additional system-specific options.</p>
<h4 class="refsect2">Notes</h4><ul><li><p>Add <tt class="literal">/usr/ccs/bin</tt> to your PATH
to use the C compiler and other C Compilation System tools.
This command runs the ANSI C compiler;
use <tt class="literal">/usr/bin/cc</tt> if you want to run the compiler for
pre-ANSI 

 C.</p>
</li><li><p>Solaris 7 does not come with a C compiler.
You must purchase one separately from Sun, or download the GNU
C Compiler (GCC) from
http://www.sunfreeware.com.</p>
</li><li><p>Options for <tt class="literal">cc</tt> vary wildly across Unix systems.
We have chosen here to document only those options that are
commonly available.
You will need to check your local documentation
for complete information.</p>
</li><li><p>Usually, <tt class="literal">cc</tt> passes any
unrecognized options to the loader, <tt class="literal">ld</tt>.</p>
</li></ul>



<h4 class="refsect2">Options</h4><dl>

<dt><tt class="literal">-c</tt></dt><dd>Suppress loading and keep any object files that were produced.</p>
</dd>
<dt><tt class="literal">-D</tt><tt><em class="replaceable">name</em></tt>[<tt class="literal">=</tt><tt><em class="replaceable">def</em></tt>]</dt><dd>Supply a <tt class="literal">#define</tt> directive, defining <em class="emphasis">name</em></tt> to be <em class="emphasis">def</em></tt>
or, if no <em class="emphasis">def</em></tt> is given, the value <tt class="literal">1</tt>.</p>
</dd>


<dt><tt class="literal">-E</tt></dt><dd>Run only the macro preprocessor, sending results to standard output.</p>
</dd>


<dt><tt class="literal">-g</tt></dt><dd>Generate more symbol-table information needed for debuggers.</p>
</dd>


<dt><tt class="literal">-I</tt><tt><em class="replaceable">dir</em></tt></dt><dd>Search for include files in directory <em class="emphasis">dir</em></tt> (in addition
to standard locations).  Supply a <tt class="literal">-I</tt> for each new <em class="emphasis">dir</em>
to be searched.</p>
</dd>


<dt><tt class="literal">-l</tt><tt><em class="replaceable">name</em></tt></dt><dd>Link source <em class="emphasis">file</em></tt> with library files
<tt class="literal">lib</tt><em class="emphasis">name</em></tt><tt class="literal">.so</tt>
or <tt class="literal">lib</tt><em class="emphasis">name</em></tt><tt class="literal">.a</tt>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><tt class="literal">-L</tt><tt><em class="replaceable">dir</em></tt></dt><dd>Like <tt class="literal">-I</tt>, but search <em class="emphasis">dir</em></tt> for library archives.</p>
</dd>
<dt><tt class="literal">-o</tt> <tt><em class="replaceable">file</em></tt></dt><dd>Send object output to <em class="emphasis">file</em></tt> instead of to <tt class="literal">a.out</tt>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><tt class="literal">-O</tt></dt><dd>Optimize object code (produced from <tt class="literal">.c</tt> or <tt class="literal">.i</tt> files).</p>
</dd>
<dt><tt class="literal">-p</tt></dt><dd>
<a name="IXT-2-121866" />Generate benchmark code to count the times each routine is called.
File <tt class="literal">mon.out</tt> is created, so
<tt class="literal">prof</tt> can be used later to produce an execution profile.</p>
</dd>
<dt><tt class="literal">-P</tt></dt><dd>Run only the preprocessor and place the result in <em class="emphasis">file</em></tt><tt class="literal">.i</tt>.</p>
</dd>


<dt><tt class="literal">-S</tt></dt><dd>Compile (and optimize, if <tt class="literal">-O</tt> is supplied),
but don't assemble or load;
assembler output is placed in <em class="emphasis">file</em></tt><tt class="literal">.s</tt>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><tt class="literal">-U</tt><tt><em class="replaceable">name</em></tt></dt><dd>Remove definition of name, as if through an <tt class="literal">#undef</tt> directive.</p>
</dd>


</dl>

<h4 class="refsect2">Example</h4><p>Compile <tt class="literal">xpop.c</tt> and load it with the X libraries:</p>
<blockquote><pre class="code"><tt class="userinput"><b>cc -o xpop xpop.c -lXaw -lXmu -lXt -lX11</b></tt></pre></blockquote>

</td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name="cd">cd</a></a></td><td><tt class="literal">cd</tt> [<em class="replaceable"><tt>dir</tt></em>]
<p>
<a name="IXT-2-121867" />
<a name="IXT-2-121868" />
<a name="IXT-2-121869" />Change directory.  <tt class="literal">cd</tt> is a built-in shell command.  See


<a href="ch04_01.htm">Chapter 4</a>, and
<a href="ch05_01.htm">Chapter 5</a>.</p>
</td></tr>

<tr><td valign="top"><a name="cdc">cdc</a></a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">/usr/ccs/bin/cdc</tt> <tt class="literal">-r</tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>sid</em> [<em class="replaceable">option</em>] <em class="replaceable">files</tt></em></p>
<p>An SCCS command.  See <a href="ch18_01.htm">Chapter 18</a>.</p>
</td></tr>

<tr><td valign="top"><a name="cde">cde</a></a></td><td>

<div class="sect2"><h3 class="sect2">Common Desktop Environment</h3>
<p>
<a name="IXT-2-121870" />
<a name="IXT-2-121871" />Solaris only.
The Common Desktop Environment (CDE) is the default
graphical user interface (GUI) on Solaris systems.
Solaris 7 users may choose between CDE and OpenWindows,
but OpenWindows is marked as obsolete and not supported
past Solaris 7.</p>
<p>Documenting CDE would require its own book and is beyond the
scope of this one.
Instead, listed here are some of the more useful individual
CDE commands, which are kept in <tt class="literal">/usr/dt/bin</tt>.
(<b>C</b>ommands for the <b class="emphasis-bold">d</b>esk<b class="emphasis-bold">t</b>op.)
In addition, a number of OpenWindows commands are still useful.
See the listing under <b class="emphasis-bold"><a href="#openwin">openwin</a></b>
in <a href="appb_01.htm">Appendix B</a>.</p></div>

<h4 class="refsect2">Useful CDE Programs</h4><p>The following CDE and Sun Desktop commands may be of interest.
Check the manpages for more information.</p>

<table border="1" cellpadding="3">

<tr><td><tt class="literal">answerbook2</tt></td><td><p>Sun hypertext documentation viewer.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td><tt class="literal">dtaction</tt></td><td><p>Invoke CDE actions from within shell scripts.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td><tt class="literal">dtbuilder</tt></td><td><p>CDE applications builder.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td><tt class="literal">dtcalc</tt></td><td><p>Onscreen scientific, logical, and financial calculator.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td><tt class="literal">dtcm</tt></td><td><p>Calendar manager.</p>
</td></tr>