linestyle.hlp

是一个经济学管理应用软件 很难找的 但是经济学学生又必须用到

{smcl}
{* 09mar2005}{...}
{cmd:help linestyle}
{hline}
{* index linestyle it}{...}

{title:Title}

{p2colset 5 22 24 2}{...}
{p2col :{hi:[G] {it:linestyle}} {hline 2}}Choices for overall look of lines{p_end}
{p2colreset}{...}


{title:Syntax}

	{it:linestyle}{col 34}description
	{hline 69}
	{cmd:foreground}{...}
{col 34}borders, axes, etc., in foreground color
	{cmd:grid}{...}
{col 34}grid lines
	{cmd:minor_grid}{...}
{col 34}a lesser grid line or same as {cmd:grid}
	{cmd:major_grid}{...}
{col 34}a bolder grid line or same as {cmd:grid}
	{cmd:refline}{...}
{col 34}reference lines
	{cmd:yxline}{...}
{col 34}{cmd:yline()} or {cmd:xline()}
	{cmd:none}{...}
{col 34}nonexistent line

	{cmd:p1} - {cmd:p15}{...}
{col 34}used by first - fifteenth "line" plot
	{cmd:p1bar} - {cmd:p15bar}{...}
{col 34}used by first - fifteenth "bar" plot
	{cmd:p1box} - {cmd:p15box}{...}
{col 34}used by first - fifteenth "box" plot
	{cmd:p1area} - {cmd:p15area}{...}
{col 34}used by first - fifteenth "area" plot
	{cmd:p1solid} - {cmd:p15solid}{...}
{col 34}same as {cmd:p1} - {cmd:p15} but always solid

	{cmd:p1mark} - {cmd:p15mark}{...}
{col 34}markers for first - fifteenth plot
	{cmd:p1boxmark} - {cmd:p15boxmark}{...}
{col 34}markers for outside values of box plots
	{cmd:p1dotmark} - {cmd:p15dotmark}{...}
{col 34}markers for dot plots
	{cmd:p1other} - {cmd:p15other}{...}
{col 34}"other" lines, such as {help twoway_spike:spikes} and {help twoway_rcap:range plots}
	{hline 69}

{pin}
Other {it:linestyles} may be available; type

	    {cmd:.} {bf:{stata graph query linestyle}}

{pin}
to obtain the full list installed on your computer.


{title:Description}

{pstd}
{it:linestyle} sets the overall pattern, thickness, and color of a line;
see {help lines} for more information.

{pstd}
{it:linestyle} is specified via options named

{phang2}
	<{it:object}><{cmd:l} or {cmd:li} or {cmd:line}>{cmd:style()}

{pstd}
or

	<{cmd:l} or {cmd:li} or {cmd:line}>{cmd:style()}

{pstd}
For instance, for connecting lines (the lines used to connect
points in a plot) used by {cmd:graph} {cmd:twoway} {cmd:function},
the option is named {cmd:lstyle()}:

{phang2}
	{cmd:. twoway function} ...{cmd:, lstyle(}{it:linestyle}{cmd:)} ...

{pstd}
In some cases, you will see that a {it:linestylelist} is allowed:

{phang2}
	{cmd:. twoway line} ...{cmd:, lstyle(}{it:linestylelist}{cmd:)} ...

{pstd}
A {it:linestylelist} is a sequence of {it:linestyles} separated by
spaces.  Shorthands are allowed to make specifying the list easier;
see {it:{help stylelists}}.


{title:Remarks}

{pstd}
Remarks are presented under the headings

	{help linestyle##remarks1:What is a line?}
	{help linestyle##remarks2:What is a linestyle?}
	{help linestyle##remarks3:You do not need to specify a linestyle}
	{help linestyle##remarks4:Specifying a linestyle can be convenient}
	{help linestyle##remarks5:What are numbered styles?}
	{help linestyle##remarks6:Suppressing lines}


{* index line, definition}{...}
{marker remarks1}{...}
{title:What is a line?}

{pstd}
Nearly everything that appears on a graph is a line, the exceptions being
markers, fill areas, bars, and the like, and even they are outlined or
bordered by a line.


{marker remarks2}{...}
{title:What is a linestyle?}

{pstd}
Lines are defined by three attributes:

{phang2}
    1.  {it:linepattern} {hline 2} whether it is solid, dashed, etc.;{break}
	see {it:{help linepatternstyle}}

{phang2}
    2.  {it:linewidth} {hline 2} how thick the line is; {break}
	see {it:{help linewidthstyle}}

{phang2}
    3.  {it:linecolor} {hline 2} the color of the line; {break}
	see {it:{help colorstyle}}

{pstd}
The {it:linestyle} specifies all three of these attributes.


{marker remarks3}{...}
{title:You do not need to specify a linestyle}

{pstd}
The {it:linestyle} is specified in options named

{phang2}
	<{it:object}><{cmd:l} or {cmd:li} or {cmd:line}>{cmd:style(}{it:linestyle}{cmd:)}

{pstd}
Correspondingly, three other options are always available:

{phang2}
	<{it:object}><{cmd:l} or {cmd:li} or {cmd:line}>{cmd:pattern(}{it:linepatternstyle}{cmd:)}

{phang2}
	<{it:object}><{cmd:l} or {cmd:li} or {cmd:line}>{cmd:width(}{it:linewidthstyle}{cmd:)}

{phang2}
	<{it:object}><{cmd:l} or {cmd:li} or {cmd:line}>{cmd:color(}{it:colorstyle}{cmd:)}

{pstd}
Often the <{it:object}> prefix is not required.

{pstd}
You specify the {it:linestyle} when a style exists that is exactly what you
want or when using another style would allow you to specify fewer changes to
obtain what you want.


{marker remarks4}{...}
{title:Specifying a linestyle can be convenient}

{pstd}
Consider the command

	{cmd:. line y1 y2 x}

{pstd}
Assume that you wanted the line for y2 versus x to be the same as y1 versus x.
You might set the pattern, width, and color of the line
for y1 versus x and then set the pattern, width, and color of the line for y2 versus
x to be the same.  It would be easier, however, to type

	{cmd:. line y1 y2 x, lstyle(p1 p1)}

{pstd}
{cmd:lstyle()} is the option that specifies the style of
connected lines.  When you do not specify the {cmd:lstyle()} option, results
are the same as if you specified

{phang2}
	{cmd:lstyle(p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 p6 p7 p8 p9 p10 p11 p12 p13 p14 p15)}

{pstd}
where the extra elements are ignored.  In any case, {cmd:p1} is one set of
pattern, thickness, and color values; {cmd:p2} is another set; and so on.

{pstd}
Say that you wanted y2 versus x to look like y1 versus x, except that you wanted the
line to be green; you could type

{phang2}
	{cmd:. line y1 y2 x, lstyle(p1 p1) lcolor(. green)}

{pstd}
There is nothing special about the {it:linestyles} {cmd:p1}, {cmd:p2}, ...;
they merely specify sets of pattern, thickness, and color values, just like any
other named {it:linestyle}.  Type

	{cmd:. graph query linestyle}

{pstd}
to find out what other line styles are available.  You may find something
pleasing, and if so, that is more easily specified than each of the individual
options to modify the individual elements.

{pstd}
Also see {hi:Styles and composite styles} in {helpb scatter}
for more information.


{* index numbered styles}{...}
{marker remarks5}{...}
{title:What are numbered styles?}

{phang}
     {cmd:p1} - {cmd:p15} are the default styles for connecting lines 
	in all {helpb twoway} graphs, for example,
        {helpb twoway line}, 
        {helpb twoway connected}, and
        {helpb twoway function}.  {cmd:p1} is used for the
        first plot, {cmd:p2} for the second, and so on.  Note that some
	{cmd:twoway} graphs do not have connecting lines.

{phang}
     {cmd:p1bar} - {cmd:p15bar} are the default styles used for outlining the
        bars on bar charts; this includes {helpb twoway bar} charts
        and {help graph bar:bar charts}.  {cmd:p1bar} is used for the first
        set of bars, {cmd:p2bar} for the second, and so on.

{phang}
     {cmd:p1box} - {cmd:p15box} are the default styles used for outlining the
        boxes on {help graph box:box charts}.  {cmd:p1box} is used for the
        first set of boxes, {cmd:p2box} for the second, and so on.

{phang}
     {cmd:p1area} - {cmd:p15area} are the default styles used for outlining
        the areas on area charts; this includes {helpb twoway area}
        charts and {helpb twoway rarea}.  {cmd:p1area} is used for
        the first filled area, {cmd:p2area} for the second, and so on.

{phang}
     {cmd:p1solid} - {cmd:p15solid} are the same as {cmd:p1} -
     {cmd:p15}, but the lines are always solid; they have the same color
     and same thickness as {cmd:p1} - {cmd:p15}.

{phang}
     {cmd:p1mark} - {cmd:p15mark} are the default styles for lines used to
        draw markers in all {helpb twoway} graphs, for example,
	{helpb twoway scatter}, 
	{helpb twoway connected}, and
        {helpb twoway rcapsym}.  {cmd:p1mark} is used 
        for the first plot, {cmd:p2mark} for the second, and so on.  

{pmore}
        Note that the {it:{help linepatternstyle}} attribute is always ignored
        when drawing symbols.

{phang}
     {cmd:p1boxmark} - {cmd:p15boxmark} are the default styles for 
        drawing the markers for the outside values on 
	{help graph box:box charts}.  {cmd:p1box} is
        used for the first set of dots, {cmd:p2box} for the second, and so on.

{phang}
     {cmd:p1dotmark} - {cmd:p15dotmark} are the default styles for
        drawing the markers on {help graph dot:dot charts}.  {cmd:p1dot} is
        used for the first set of dots, {cmd:p2dot} for the second, and so on.

{phang}
     {cmd:p1other} - {cmd:p15other} are the default styles used for
        "other" lines for some {helpb twoway} plottypes, including the spikes
        for {helpb twoway spike} and 
        {helpb twoway rspike} and the lines for 
        {helpb twoway dropline},
        {helpb twoway rcap}, and
        {helpb twoway rcapsym}.
	{cmd:p1other} is used for the first set of 
	lines, {cmd:p2other} for the second, and so on.

{pstd}
        The "look" defined by a numbered style, such as {cmd:p1},
        {cmd:p1mark}, {cmd:p1bar}, etc.{hline 2}by "look" we mean 
        {help linewidthstyle:width}, {help colorstyle}, and 
        {help linepatternstyle:pattern}{hline 2}is determined by the 
        {help schemes:scheme} selected.

{pstd}
        Numbered styles provide default "looks" that can be
        controlled by a scheme.  They can also be useful when you wish to
        make, say, the second "thing" on a graph look like the first.  See
        {bf:Specifying a linestyle can be convenient} above for an example.


{* lines, suppressing}{...}
{* outlines, suppressing}{...}
{* borders, suppressing}{...}
{marker remarks6}{...}
{title:Suppressing lines}

{pstd}
Sometimes you want to suppress lines.  For instance, you might want to remove
the border around the plot region.  There are two ways to do this:
You can specify

	<{it:object}><{cmd:l} or {cmd:li} or {cmd:line}>{cmd:style(none)}

{pstd}
or

{phang2}
	<{it:object}><{cmd:l} or {cmd:li} or {cmd:line}>{cmd:color(}{it:color}{cmd:)}

{pstd}
The first works well in most cases; see {hi:Suppressing the axes}
in {it:{help axis_scale_options}} for an example.

{pstd}
For the outlines of solid objects, however, remember that lines have a
thickness.  Removing the outline by setting its linestyle to {cmd:none}
sometimes makes the resulting object seem too small, especially when the
object was small to begin with.
In those cases, specify

{phang2}
	<{it:object}><{cmd:l} or {cmd:li} or {cmd:line}>{cmd:color(}{it:color}{cmd:)}

{pstd}
and set the outline color to be the same as the interior color.


{title:Also see}

{psee}
Manual:  {bf:[G] {it:linestyle}}

{psee}
Online:  {help lines};
{it:{help linepatternstyle}},
{it:{help linewidthstyle}},
{it:{help colorstyle}};
{it:{help connectstyle}}
{p_end}