📄 make-14.html
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本节讨论书写</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">Makefile</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">时应遵循的一些基本约定，由于不同版本</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">make</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">之间的差异。可能在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">GNU
make</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">环境中正常工作的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">Makefile</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">，换成其它版本的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">make</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">执行时会发生错误。为了最大可能的兼容不同版本的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">make</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">，这里给出了一些基本的约定。</span></p>
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1.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span>
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所有的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">Makefile</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">中应该包含这样一行：</span></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial">SHELL = /bin/sh</span></i></b></p>
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其目的是为了避免变量“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">SHELL</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”在有些系统上可能继承同名的系统环境变量而导致错误。虽然在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">GNU</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">版本的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">make</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">中不会出现这种问题（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">GNU
make</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">中变量“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">SHELL</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”的默认值是“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">/bin/sh</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”，它不同于系统环境变量“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">SHELL</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”）。</span></p>
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2.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span>
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小心处理后缀和隐含规则。不同</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">make</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">可识别后缀和隐含规则可能不同，它可能会导致混乱或者错误。因此在特定</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">Makefile</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">中明确限定可识别的后缀是一个不错的主意。在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">Makefile</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">中应该这样做：</span></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial">.SUFFIXES:</span></i></b></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial">.SUFFIXES: .c
.o</span></i></b></p>
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第一行首先取消掉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">make</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">默认的可识别后缀列表，第二行重新指定可识别的后缀列表。</span></p>
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3.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span>
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小心处理规则中的路径。当需要处理指定目录的的文件时，应该明确给出路径。如“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">./</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”代表当前目录，“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">$(srcdir)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”代表源代码目录。没有指定明确路径，那么就意味着是当前目录。</span></p>
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</span></p>
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目录“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">./</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”（当前目录，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">GNU</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">的发布软件包中的“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">build</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”目录）和“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">$(srcdir)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”的区别和重要，我们可以通过“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">configure</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”脚本的选项“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">--srcdir</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”指定源代码所在的目录（可参考</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">GNU</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">发布的软件包中的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">configure</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">脚本）。当源代码目录和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">build</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">目录不同时，规则：</span></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial">foo.1 : foo.man
sedscript</span></i></b></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial"> sed –e
sedscript foo.man > $@</span></i></b></p>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">
将执行失败，是因为“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">foo.man</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”和“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">sedscript</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”并不在当前目录（当然，处理这种错误的手段可能有很多，诸如使用变量“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">VPATH</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”等）。当前目录只是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">build</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">目录，并不是软件包目录。</span></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">
4.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span>
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使用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">GNU
make</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">的变量“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">VPATH</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”指定搜索目录。当规则只有一个依赖文件时。应该使用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 楷体_GB2312">自动化变量</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">$<</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”和“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">$@</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”代替出现在命令的依赖文件和目标文件（其它版本的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">make</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">，只在隐含规则中设置自动化变量“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">$<</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”）。对于一个这样的规则：</span></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial">foo.o : bar.c</span></i></b></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial"> $(CC) –I. –I$(srcdir)
$(CFLAGS) –c bar.o –o foo.o</span></i></b></p>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">
</span></p>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">
我们在</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">Makefile</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">中应该以这种方式来书写：</span></p>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">
</span></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial">foo.o : bar.c</span></i></b></p>
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