make-09.html

unix make 文档

需要使用另外的编译器或者重新定义编译选项</span></p>
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3.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span>
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只需要察看那些文件被修改，而不需要重新编译</span></p>
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为了达到这些特殊的目的，需要使用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">make</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">的命令行参数来实现。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">Make</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">的命令行参数能实现的功能不仅限于这些，通过</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">make</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">的命令行参数可以实现很多特殊功能。</span></p>
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另外，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">make</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">的退出状态有三种：</span></p>
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0 </span>
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状态为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">0</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">时，表示执行成功。</span></p>
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2 </span>
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执行过程出现错误，同时会提示错误信息。</span></p>
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1 </span>
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在执行</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">make</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">时使用了“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">-q</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”参数，而且当前工程中存在过时的目标文件。</span></p>
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&nbsp;</span></p>
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本章的内容主要讲述如何使用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">make</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">的命令参数选项来实现一些特殊的目的。在本章最后会对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">make</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">的命令行参数选项进行比较详细的讨论。</span></p>
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<h2><a name="_gnu_make_9.1"><span style="font-size: 14pt" lang="en-us"><b>9</b></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt">.1<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312">指定</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt">makefile</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312">文件</span></a></h2>
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本文以前的部分对如何指定</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">makefile</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">文件已经有过介绍。当需要将一个普通命名的文件作为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">makefile</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">文件时，需要使用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">make</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">的“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">-f</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”、“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">--file</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”或者“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">--makefile</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”选项来指定。例如：“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">make 
–f altmake</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”，它的意思是告诉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">make</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">将文件“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">altmake</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”作为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">makefile</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">文件来解析执行。</span></p>
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当在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">make</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">的命令行选项中出现多个“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">-f</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”参数时，所有通过“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">-f</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”参数指定的文件都被作为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">make</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">解析执行的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">makefile</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">文件。</span></p>
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默认情况，在没有使用“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">-f</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”（“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">--file</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”或者“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">--makefile</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”）指定文件时。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">make</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">会在工作目录（当前目录）依次搜索命名为“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">GNUmakefile</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”、“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">makefile</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”和“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">Makefile</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”的文件，最终解析执行的是这三个文件中首先搜索到的哪一个。</span></p>
<h2><a name="_gnu_make_9.2"><span style="font-size: 14pt" lang="en-us"><b>9</b></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt">.2<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312">指定终极目标</span></a></h2>
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“终极目标”的基本概念我们在前面已经提到过。所谓终极目标就是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">make</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">最终所要重建的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">Makefile</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">某个规则的目标（也可以称之为“最终规则”）。为了完成对终极目标的重建，可能会触发它的依赖或者依赖的依赖文件被重建的过程。</span></p>
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默认情况下，终极目标就是出现在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">Makefile</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">中，除以点号“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”开始的第一个规则中的第一个目标（如果第一个规则存在多个目标）。因此</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">Makefile</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">书写时需要保证：第一个目标的编译规则就描述了整个工程或者程序的编译过程和规则。如果</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">Makefile</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">的第一个规则有多个目标，那么默认的终极目标是多个目标中的第一个。我们在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">Makefile</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">所在的目录下执行“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">make</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”时，将完成对默认终极目标的重建。</span></p>
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另外，也可以通过命令行将一个</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">Makefile</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">中的目标指定为此次</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">make</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">过程的终极目标，替代默认的终极目标。使用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">Makefile</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">中目标名作为参数来执行“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">make</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”（格式为</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">
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“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">make 
TARGET_NAME</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”，如：“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">make 
clean</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”），可以把这个目标指定为终极目标。使用这种方式，我们也可以同时指定多个终极目标。</span></p>
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任何出现在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">Makefile</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">规则中的目标都可以被指定为终极目标（不包含以“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">-</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”开始的和包含“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">=</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”的赋值语句，一般它们也不会作为一个目标出现），甚至可以指定一个在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">Makefile</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">中不存在的目标作为终极目标，前提是存在一个对应的隐含规则能够实现对这个目标的重建。例如：目录“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">src</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”下存在一个</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">.c</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">的源文件“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">foo.c</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”，我们的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">Makefile</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">中不存在对目标“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">foo</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”的描述规则，或者当前目录下就没有默认的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">makefile</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">文件，为了编译“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">foo.c</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”生成可执行的“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">foo</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”。只需要将“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">foo</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”作为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">make</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">的参数执行：“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">make 
foo</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”就可以实现编译“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">foo</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”的目的。</span></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">
make</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">在执行时设置一个特殊变量“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">MAKECMDGOALS</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”，此变量记录了命令行参数指定的终极目标列表，没有通过参数指定终极目标时此变量为空。注意：此变量仅用在特殊的场合（比如判断），在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">Makeifle</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">中不要对它进行重新定义！例如：</span></p>