make-11.html

unix make 文档

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 13.85pt; margin-left: 29.95pt"><b><i>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial">cc -c bar.c -o 
bar.o</span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 13.85pt; margin-left: 29.95pt"><b><i>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial">ar r foo.a 
bar.o</span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 13.85pt; margin-left: 29.95pt"><b><i>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial">rm -f bar.o</span></i></b></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">
我们可以看到文件“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">bar.o</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”是被作为中间过程文件来处理的。需要说明的是，包含上述命令的规则，在规则的命令行中使用自动化变量“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">$%</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”来代表库成员“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">bar.o</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”。</span></p>
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在一个静态库（文档文件）中，其所有的成员名是不包含目录描述的。就是说对于静态库，当使用“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">nm</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”命令查看其成员时，能够获得的信息只是静态库所包含的成员名字（一系列</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">.o</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">文件，文件名中并没有包含目录）。但我们在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">Makefile</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">中，采用“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">A(M)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”格式的目标，书写建立（重建或者更新）静态库的规则时，可以指定为库它的成员指定路径。就是说在描述它的成员时，可以使用包含路径的文件名。例如一个规则的目标可以这样书写“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">foo.a(dir/file.o)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”，在这个规则被执行时可能会执行如下的命令：</span></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 13.85pt; margin-left: 29.95pt"><b><i>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial">ar r foo.a dir/file.o</span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 20.5pt">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">
和上边的例子类似，它将指定目录下的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">.o</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">文件加入到库中，此文件（“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">dir/file.o</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”）被作为静态库的一个成员。对于类似这样的目标，重建它的隐含规则的命令行中可能就需要使用自动化变量“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">%D</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”和“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">%F</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”。</span></p>
<h3><a name="_gnu_make_11.2.1"><span lang="en-us">1</span><span lang="EN-US">1.2.1<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span><span style="font-family: 楷体_GB2312">更新静态库的符号索引表</span></a></h3>
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本小节的内容相对简单。前边提到过，静态库文件需要使用“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">ar</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”来创建和维护。当给静态库增建一个成员时（加入一个</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">.o</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">文件到静态库中），“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">ar</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”可直接将需要增加的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">.o</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">文件简单的追加到静态库的末尾。之后当我们使用这个库进行连接生成可执行文件时，链接程序“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">ld</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”却提示错误，这可能是：主程序使用了之前加入到库中的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">.o</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">文件中定义的一个函数或者全局变量，但连接程序无法找到这个函数或者变量。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-indent: 24.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">
这个问题的原因是：之前我们将编译完成的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">.o</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">文件直接加入到了库的末尾，却并没有更新库的有效符号表。连接程序进行连接时，在静态库的符号索引表中无法定位刚才加入的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">.o</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">文件中定义的函数或者变量。这就需要在完成库成员追加以后让加入的所有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">.o</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">文件中定义的函数（变量）有效，完成这个工作需要使用另外一个工具“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">ranlib</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”来对静态库的符号索引表进行更新。</span></p>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">
我们所使用到的静态库（文档文件）中，存在这样一个特殊的成员，它的名字是“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">__.SYMDEF</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”。它包含了静态库中所有成员所定义的有效符号（函数名、变量名）。因此，当为库增加了一个成员时，相应的就需要更新成员“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">__.SYMDEF</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”，否则所增加的成员中定义的所有的符号将无法被连接程序定位。完成更新的命令是：</span></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 13.85pt; margin-left: 29.95pt"><b><i>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial">ranlib 
ARCHIVEFILE</span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 20.5pt">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 150%; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">
通常在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">Makefile</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">中我们可以这样来实现：</span></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 13.85pt; margin-left: 29.95pt"><b><i>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial">libfoo.a: 
libfoo.a(x.o) libfoo.a(y.o) ...</span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 13.85pt; margin-left: 58.2pt"><b><i>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial">ranlib libfoo.a</span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 20.5pt">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">
它所实现的是在更新静态库成员“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">x.o</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”和“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">y.o</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”之后，对静态库的成员“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">__.SYMDEF</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”进行更新（更新库的符号索引表）。</span></p>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">
如果我们使用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">GNU 
ar</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">工具来维护、管理静态库，我们就不需要考虑这一步。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">GNU 
ar</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">本身已经提供了在更新库的同时更新符号索引表的功能（这是默认行为，也可以通过命令行选项控制</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">ar</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">的具体行为。可参考</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black"> 
GNU ar</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">工具的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">man</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">手册）。</span></p>
<h2><a name="_gnu_make_11.3"><span style="font-size: 14pt" lang="en-us"><b>1</b></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt">1.3<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>make</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312">静态库的注意事项</span></a></h2>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">
在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">make</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">静态库（文档文件）时，特别需要注意：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">make<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 楷体_GB2312">的并行执行</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">（执行</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">make</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">时使用“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">-j</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”选项）给更新静态库带来的影响。因为在同一时刻，当同时使用多个“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">ar</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”命令来操作相同的静态库时，将会静损坏态库，甚至导致此静态库不可用。</span></p>