make-11.html

unix make 文档

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静态库文件也称为“文档文件”，它是一些</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">.o</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">文件的集合。在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">Linux</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">Unix</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">）中使用工具“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">ar</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”对它进行维护管理。它所包含的成员（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">member</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">）是若干</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">.o</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">文件。</span></p>
<h2><a name="_gnu_make_11.1"><span style="font-size: 14pt" lang="en-us"><b>1</b></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt">1.1<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312">
库成员作为目标</span></a></h2>
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一个静态库通常由多个</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">.o</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">文件组成。这些成员（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">.o</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">文件）可独立的被作为一个规则的目标，库成员作为目标时需要按照如下的格式来书写：</span></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 13.85pt; margin-left: 29.95pt"><b><i>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial">ARCHIVE(MEMBER)</span></i></b></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial">&nbsp;</span></p>
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注意，这种书写方式只能出现在规则的目标和依赖，不能出现在规则的命令行中！因为，绝大多数命令不能支持这种语法，命令不能直接对库的成员进行操作。这种表达式在规则的目标或者依赖中，它表示库“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">ARCHIVE</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”的成员“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">MEMBER</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”。含有这种表达式的规则的命令行只能是“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">ar</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”命令或者其它可以对库成员进行操作的命令。例如：下边这个规则用于创建库“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">foolib</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”，并将“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">hack.o</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”成员加入到库：</span></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial">foolib(hack.o) 
: hack.o</span></i></b></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial">ar cr foolib 
hack.o</span></i></b></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial">&nbsp;</span></p>
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实际上，这个规则实现了对库的所有成员进行了更新，其过程使用了隐含规则（创建需要的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">.o</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">文件）。另外需要注意工具“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">ar</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”的用法（可参考</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">ar</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">man</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">手册）。</span></p>
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如果在规则中需要同时指定库的多个成员，可以将多个成员罗列在括号内，例如：</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 13.85pt; margin-left: 29.95pt"><b><i>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial">foolib(hack.o 
kludge.o)</span></i></b></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial">&nbsp;</span></p>
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它就等价于：</span></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 13.85pt; margin-left: 29.95pt"><b><i>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial">foolib(hack.o) 
foolib(kludge.o)</span></i></b></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial">&nbsp;</span></p>
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在描述库的多个成员时也可以使用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">shell</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">通配符。例如：“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">foolib(*.o)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”，它代表库文件“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">foolib</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”的所有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">.o</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">成员。</span></p>
<h2><a name="_gnu_make_11.2"><span style="font-size: 14pt" lang="en-us"><b>1</b></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt">1.2<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312">静态库的更新</span></a></h2>
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上一节已经讲述了规则中形如“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">A(M)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”目标的含义，它代表静态库“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">A</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”的成员“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">M</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">make</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">为这样的一个目标搜索隐含规则时，可重建“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">(M)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”的隐含规则，同样也被认为是可重建“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">A(M)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”这个目标的隐含规则。</span></p>
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这就出现了一个特殊的模式规则，它的目标模式是“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">(%)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”。这个特殊的规则被用来更新目标“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">A(M)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”，规则将文件“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">M</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”拷贝到库“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">A</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”中，如果之前在静态库文件“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">A</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”不存，则首先创建这个库文件。例如：目标为“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">foo.a(bar.o)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”的规则，执行时将完成：首先使用隐含规则生成其成员“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">bar.o</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”，之后将“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">bar.o</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”加入到库“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">foo.a</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”中。那么“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">bar.o</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”就作为库文件“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">foo.a</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”的一个成员（当然如果“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">foo.a</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”不存在，就会被创建。这个特殊规则的命令行一般都是“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">ar</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”命令）。</span></p>
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这个特殊的规则可以和其它隐含规则一起构成一个隐含规则链。因此我们可以直接在命令行中执行“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">make
</span>
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">
‘</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">foo.a(bar.o)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">’”（注意“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">foo.a(bar.o)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”作为命令行选项，需要使用引号，否则</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">shell</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">会将“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">(</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”作为特殊字符处理），只要当前目录下存在“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; color: black">bar.c</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; color: black">”这个文件，就会执行如下命令：</span></p>
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