ch01.htm

这个是sap开发语言abap的教育文档

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<BLOCKQUOTE>
You can learn about the functional areas by reading the R/3 online reference (R/3 menu path Help-&gt;R/3 Library). It contains tutorials and information for all of the functional areas. If you have access to a system with IDES data (International Demo and Education System), you can work through the R/3 Library exercises as well. For availability of training courses, contact SAP (<TT><A HREF="http://www.sap.com/">http://www.sap.com</A></TT>) or Lambton College (<TT><A HREF="http://www.lambton.on.ca/">http://www.lambton.on.ca</A></TT>).
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<H2><A NAME="DiscoveringWhatRLooksLike"><FONT SIZE=5 COLOR=#FF0000>
Discovering What R/3 Looks Like</FONT></A></H2>
<P>
In a Windows environment, you will sign on to R/3 either by choosing
a menu path from the Start menu, or by double-clicking on an R/3
icon, such as the one shown below in Figure 1.2.
<P>
<A HREF="javascript:popUp('f1-2.gif')"><B>Figure 1.2 : </B><I>The R/3 icon on the desktop</I>.</A>
<P>
The R/3 system will prompt you for a user ID and password. The
logon screen appears in Figure 1.3. You will fill in these two
fields and then press Enter.
<P>
<A HREF="javascript:popUp('f1-3.gif')"><B>Figure 1.3 : </B><I>The R/3 logon screen prompts you for a password</I>.</A>
<P>
The R/3 system will then display a copyright screen, and when
you press Enter, the system will display the R/3 main menu as
shown in Figure 1.4.
<P>
<A HREF="javascript:popUp('f1-4.gif')"><B>Figure 1.4 : </B><I>The R/3 main menu</I>.</A>
<H3><A NAME="UsingtheRSystemConceptualAreas">
Using the R/3 System Conceptual Areas</A></H3>
<P>
From the main menu, you can go to three conceptual areas in the
R/3 system:
<UL>
<LI>the Applications area
<LI>the Basis area
<LI>the Development Workbench
</UL>
<P>
In the Applications area, you initiate transactions for the functional
areas within R/3. To access these, from the R/3 main menu choose
one of the following: Logistics, Accounting, Human Resources,
or Information Systems.
<P>
In the Basis area, you can run transactions that monitor the R/3
system itself. To access the Basis area, from the main menu choose
the menu path Tools-&gt;Administration. Here you will find many
performance, tuning, and database administration tools. 
<P>
The Development Workbench is used to create and test ABAP/4 programs.
As an ABAP/4 programmer, you will spend most of your time within
the Workbench. To access the Development Workbench, choose the
menu path Tools-&gt;Development Workbench. However, your code
will most probably read or update application data, and so it
will be destined to become part of the application area. With
that in mind, let's have a look within an Applications area first.
<P>
For our example, imagine that you are a clerk working in an accounts
payable department. A vendor calls to say his address has changed.
You put a bookmark in the magazine article you were reading (<I>A
Criminologist's View of the Problems with Creative Accounting)
</I>and proceed to update his address in the R/3 system. First,
you reach the Accounts Payable menu by choosing the menu path
Accounting-&gt;Financial Accounting-&gt;Accounts Payable<I> </I>(see
Figure 1.5).
<P>
<A HREF="javascript:popUp('f1-5.gif')"><B>Figure 1.5 : </B><I>The menu path to update a vendor master
record (part 1)</I>.</A>
<P>
You then bring up the vendor master record maintenance transaction
by choosing the menu path Master Records-&gt;Change (see Figure
1.6). You will see the Change Vendor: Initial screen.
<P>
<A HREF="javascript:popUp('f1-6.gif')"><B>Figure 1.6 : </B><I>The menu path to update a vendor master
record (part 2)</I>.</A>
<P>
From the Initial screen shown in Figure 1.7, you type his vendor
number, tickmark the Address check box, and press the Enter key.
You will then see the Address screen (see Figure 1.8).
<P>
<A HREF="javascript:popUp('f1-7.gif')"><B>Figure 1.7 : </B><I>The Vendor Master Update Transaction: Initial
Screen</I>.</A>
<P>
<A HREF="javascript:popUp('f1-8.gif')"><B>Figure 1.8 : </B><I>The Vendor Master Update Transaction: Address
Screen</I>.</A>
<P>
You change his address and press the Save button (see Figure 1.9).
<P>
<A HREF="javascript:popUp('f1-9.gif')"><B>Figure 1.9 : </B><I>Saving changes to the vendor's address</I>.</A>
<P>
Upon saving, the system returns you to the Change Vendor: Initial
Screen. It also displays a success message within the status bar
located at the bottom of the screen (see Figure 1.10).
<P>
<A HREF="javascript:popUp('f1-10.gif')"><B>Figure 1.10: </B><I>The Initial Screen gives verification that
the address change was made</I>.</A>
<P>
This transaction is representative of many of the transactions
in the R/3 system. Most master data transactions have a similar
look and feel.
<H3><A NAME="DiscoveringtheRUserInterface">
Discovering the R/3 User Interface</A></H3>
<P>
Figure 1.11 shows the main menu again, with the important screen
areas identified.
<P>
<A HREF="javascript:popUp('f1-11.gif')"><B>Figure 1.11: </B><I>Important elements of an R/3 screen</I>.</A>
<P>
Every R/3 screen contains these elements:
<UL>
<LI><I>Title bar:</I> Contains the title of the current screen.
<LI><I>Menu bar:</I> The contents of the menu bar change with
each screen. By browsing the menus within it, you can discover
all functions that are possible on the current screen. The System
and Help menus are present on every screen and the menu items
they contain never change.
<LI><I>Command field:</I> Here you enter commands to be executed.
For example, you can log off by typing <TT><B>/nex</B></TT>
in this field and pressing the Enter key. The section &quot;Using
the Command Field&quot; describes this field in more detail. 
<LI><I>Standard toolbar:</I> Contains the Command field and a
series of buttons. They will never change in appearance, position,
or function, and they will be present on every screen. Some might
be grayed out if their functionality is currently unavailable.
<LI><I>Application toolbar:</I> Changes with each screen. Displays
buttons that give you quick access to menu items for that screen.
</UL>
<P>
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If you position your mouse pointer over any button and let it rest there for a few seconds, R/3 will display a tool tip describing its function. In R/3 it is called <I>quick info</I>. It contains a brief description of the button and the function key assigned to it.
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<P>
<UL>
<LI><I>Interface Menu:</I> Enables you to customize the characteristics
of the user interface, access the Windows clipboard, and generate
graphics. The following section will cover more features of the
Interface Menu in depth.
<LI><I>Screen area:</I> This is the big area in the middle of
the screen that displays the report data or a screen from a dialog
program.
<LI><I>Status bar:</I> Displays messages, the system ID, session
number, client number, insert/overtype mode indicator, and the
current time.
</UL>
<P>
You can turn most screen elements on and off. If your screen does
not look or behave like the one described in this chapter, follow
the instructions in the next section to correct it.
<H4>Working with the Interface Menu</H4>
<P>
The icon with three colored circles in the upper right-hand corner
of the R/3 window is called the <I>Interface Menu. </I>With it,
you can customize user interface settings such as screen colors,
font sizes, and cursor behavior. To accomplish this, click once
on the icon in the upper right-hand corner of the R/3 window (see
Figure 1.12). A menu will appear; click on the Options menu item.
<P>
<A HREF="javascript:popUp('f1-12.gif')"><B>Figure 1.12: </B><I>The Interface Menu with the Options menu
item highlighted</I>.</A>
<P>
Click on the General tab and change your settings to match those
shown in Figure 1.13. Doing so will ensure that your user interface
will look and behave as described in this book.
<P>
<A HREF="javascript:popUp('f1-13.gif')"><B>Figure 1.13: </B><I>The General Interface options</I>.</A>
<P>
Turn on all of the toolbars (tickmark them all) and set Quick
Info to Quick. Tickmark the first and last of the message check
boxes as shown. Click Apply. <P>
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You must click the Apply or OK button before choosing another tab. If you do not, your changes will not take effect.</BLOCKQUOTE>

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<P>
Click on the Colors In Lists tab and tickmark the Lines In Lists
check box as shown in Figure 1.14. Click OK to return.
<P>
<A HREF="javascript:popUp('f1-14.gif')"><B>Figure 1.14: </B><I>Tickmarking the Colors In Lists check box</I>.</A>
<P>
The Lines In Lists option turns on or off the display of horizontal
and vertical lines in your report output. It should be checked
so that you will see the effect of the line graphic statements
you will code later in this book.<P>
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Display all function key (or <I>f-key</I>) settings by right-clicking anywhere in the screen area. This works on all screens. Function keys 1 through 12 are the top row of keys on your keyboard. Function keys 13 through 24 are those same keys with the Shift key held down. For example, F13 is Shift+F1. For f-keys 25 through 36, use Ctrl instead of Shift. For 37 though 48, use Alt. For f-keys higher than 48, hold down Ctrl and type the key number on the numeric keypad. For example, for F50, hold down Ctrl and type 50 on the numeric keypad.
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<P>
<H4>Using the Command Field</H4>
<P>
In the Standard toolbar is an input area called the Command Field.
Here you can enter system commands. For a list of the commands
you can enter here, put your cursor in the command field and press
the F1 key. 
<P>
This field is most often used to start a new transaction. <P>
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For now, think of a program as a transaction. The two are roughly equivalent. When you start a transaction, you are starting a program.</BLOCKQUOTE>

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<P>
Instead of choosing a menu path to start a transaction, you can
enter its <I>transaction code</I> into the command field. A transaction
code is a 3 or 4 character code associated with a transaction-you
can use it to start the transaction without using a menu path.
Every transaction has a <I>transaction code</I> (also called a
<I>tcode</I>). 
<P>
To find the transaction code for any transaction, you would invoke
the transaction and then choose the menu path System-&gt;Status.
The System:_Status screen will be displayed. The transaction code
appears in the Transaction field. 
<P>
For example, from the R/3 main menu, choose the menu path Accounting-&gt;Financial
Accounting-&gt;Accounts Payable. You will see the Accounts Payable
screen. From here, choose the menu path Master Records-&gt;Display.
You will see the Display Vendor: Initial Screen. Choose the menu
path System-&gt;Status. You will see the System:_Status screen.
In the Transaction field is the transaction code for this screen:
FK03.
<P>
Now that you have the transaction code, you can start this transaction
from any screen by entering in the command field <TT><B>/n</B></TT>
followed by the transaction code. 
<P>
For example, return to the main menu (click the Cancel button
twice and then click the Back button). In the command field type
<TT><B>/nfk03</B></TT>, then click
the Enter key. You will immediately see the Display Vendor: Initial
Screen.<P>
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On any screen, you can find the transaction code of the current transaction. To do this, choose the menu path System-&gt;Status.</BLOCKQUOTE>