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style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>0</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>和</span><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'>255</span><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:
10.5pt'>两项。</span><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:
inter-ideograph;line-height:18.0pt'><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>先来定义一些基本符号和关系。</span><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:
inter-ideograph;line-height:18.0pt'><b><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'>1.</span></b><b><span style='font-size:7.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
</span></b><b><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>元素</span></b><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:
inter-ideograph;line-height:18.0pt'><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>设有一幅图象</span><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>X</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>，若点</span><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'>a</span><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>在</span><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>X</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>的区域以内，则称</span><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'>a</span><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>为</span><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>X</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>的元素，记作</span><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'>a</span><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>∈</span><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>X</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>，如图</span><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'>6.1</span><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:
10.5pt'>所示。</span><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:
inter-ideograph;line-height:18.0pt'><b><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'>2.</span></b><b><span style='font-size:7.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
</span></b><b><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>B</span></b><b><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>包含于</span></b><b><span style='font-size:
10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>X</span></b><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:
inter-ideograph;line-height:18.0pt'><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>设有两幅图象</span><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>B</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>，</span><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'>X</span><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>。对于</span><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>B</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>中所有的元素</span><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'>ai</span><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>，都有</span><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>ai</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>∈</span><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'>X</span><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>，则称</span><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>B</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>包含于</span><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'>(included in)X</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:10.5pt'>，记作</span><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>B<sub> <!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
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</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=16 height=13
src="./chp6.files/image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025"><![endif]></sub>X</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>，如图</span><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'>6.2</span><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:
10.5pt'>所示。</span><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:
inter-ideograph;line-height:18.0pt'><b><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'>3.</span></b><b><span style='font-size:7.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
</span></b><b><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>B</span></b><b><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>击中</span></b><b><span style='font-size:
10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>X</span></b><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:
inter-ideograph;line-height:18.0pt'><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>设有两幅图象</span><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>B</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>，</span><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'>X</span><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>。若存在这样一个点，它即是</span><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>B</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>的元素，又是</span><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'>X</span><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>的元素，则称</span><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>B</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>击中</span><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'>(hit)X</span><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:
10.5pt'>，记作</span><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>B</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>↑</span><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'>X</span><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>，如图</span><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>6.3</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>所示。</span><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:
inter-ideograph;line-height:18.0pt'><b><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'>4.</span></b><b><span style='font-size:7.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
</span></b><b><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>B</span></b><b><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>不击中</span></b><b><span style='font-size:
10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>X</span></b><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:
inter-ideograph;line-height:18.0pt'><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>设有两幅图象</span><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>B</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>，</span><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'>X</span><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>。若不存在任何一个点，它即是</span><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>B</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>的元素，又是</span><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'>X</span><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>的元素，即</span><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>B</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>和</span><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'>X</span><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>的交集是空，则称</span><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>B</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>不击中</span><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'>(miss)X</span><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:
10.5pt'>，记作</span><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>B</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>∩</span><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'>X=</span><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>Ф；其中∩是集合运算相交的符号，Ф表示空集。如图</span><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>6.4</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>所示。</span><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style='mso-cellspacing:0cm;
mso-padding-alt:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'>
<tr>
<td width=284 valign=top style='width:213.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'>
<p align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:18.0pt'><b><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:78pt;height:48pt'>
<v:imagedata src="./chp6.files/image002.gif" o:href="http://www-scf.usc.edu/~flv/ipbook/chap06.files/image004.gif"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=104 height=64
src="./chp6.files/image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1026"><![endif]></span></b><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:18.0pt'><b><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>图</span></b><b><span style='font-size:
10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>6.1 </span></b><b><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>元素</span></b><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=284 valign=top style='width:213.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'>
<p align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:18.0pt'><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:79.5pt;height:48.75pt'>
<v:imagedata src="./chp6.files/image003.gif" o:href="http://www-scf.usc.edu/~flv/ipbook/chap06.files/image006.gif"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=106 height=65
src="./chp6.files/image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1027"><![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:18.0pt'><b><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>图</span></b><b><span style='font-size:
10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>6.2 </span></b><b><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>包含</span></b><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=284 valign=top style='width:213.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'>
<p align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:18.0pt'><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:102pt;height:48.75pt'>
<v:imagedata src="./chp6.files/image004.gif" o:href="http://www-scf.usc.edu/~flv/ipbook/chap06.files/image008.gif"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=136 height=65
src="./chp6.files/image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1028"><![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:18.0pt'><b><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>图</span></b><b><span style='font-size:
10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>6.3 </span></b><b><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>击中</span></b><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=284 valign=top style='width:213.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'>
<p align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:18.0pt'><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:121.5pt;height:49.5pt'>
<v:imagedata src="./chp6.files/image005.jpg" o:href="http://www-scf.usc.edu/~flv/ipbook/chap06.files/image010.jpg"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=162 height=66
src="./chp6.files/image005.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1029"><![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:18.0pt'><b><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>图</span></b><b><span style='font-size:
10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>6.4 </span></b><b><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.5pt'>不击中</span></b><span style='font-size:
10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
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