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<title>I18N::LangTags::List -- tags and names for human languages</title>
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<h1><a>I18N::LangTags::List -- tags and names for human languages</a></h1>
<p><a name="__index__"></a></p>
<!-- INDEX BEGIN -->
<ul>
<li><a href="#name">NAME</a></li>
<li><a href="#synopsis">SYNOPSIS</a></li>
<li><a href="#description">DESCRIPTION</a></li>
<li><a href="#about_language_tags">ABOUT LANGUAGE TAGS</a></li>
<li><a href="#list_of_languages">LIST OF LANGUAGES</a></li>
<li><a href="#see_also">SEE ALSO</a></li>
<li><a href="#copyright_and_disclaimer">COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMER</a></li>
<li><a href="#author">AUTHOR</a></li>
</ul>
<!-- INDEX END -->
<hr />
<p>
</p>
<h1><a name="name">NAME</a></h1>
<p>I18N::LangTags::List -- tags and names for human languages</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="synopsis">SYNOPSIS</a></h1>
<pre>
<span class="keyword">use</span> <span class="variable">I18N::LangTags::List</span><span class="operator">;</span>
<span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="string">"Parlez-vous... "</span><span class="operator">,</span> <span class="keyword">join</span><span class="operator">(</span><span class="string">', '</span><span class="operator">,</span>
<span class="variable">I18N::LangTags::List::name</span><span class="operator">(</span><span class="string">'elx'</span><span class="operator">)</span> <span class="operator">||</span> <span class="string">'unknown_language'</span><span class="operator">,</span>
<span class="variable">I18N::LangTags::List::name</span><span class="operator">(</span><span class="string">'ar-Kw'</span><span class="operator">)</span> <span class="operator">||</span> <span class="string">'unknown_language'</span><span class="operator">,</span>
<span class="variable">I18N::LangTags::List::name</span><span class="operator">(</span><span class="string">'en'</span><span class="operator">)</span> <span class="operator">||</span> <span class="string">'unknown_language'</span><span class="operator">,</span>
<span class="variable">I18N::LangTags::List::name</span><span class="operator">(</span><span class="string">'en-CA'</span><span class="operator">)</span> <span class="operator">||</span> <span class="string">'unknown_language'</span><span class="operator">,</span>
<span class="operator">),</span> <span class="string">"?\n"</span><span class="operator">;</span>
</pre>
<p>prints:</p>
<pre>
Parlez-vous... Elamite, Kuwait Arabic, English, Canadian English?</pre>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="description">DESCRIPTION</a></h1>
<p>This module provides a function
<code>I18N::LangTags::List::name( langtag ) </code> that takes
a language tag (see <a href="../../../lib/I18N/LangTags.html">I18N::LangTags</a>)
and returns the best attempt at an English name for it, or
undef if it can't make sense of the tag.</p>
<p>The function I18N::LangTags::List::name(...) is not exported.</p>
<p>This module also provides a function
<code>I18N::LangTags::List::is_decent( langtag )</code> that returns true iff
the language tag is syntactically valid and is for general use (like
"fr" or "fr-ca", below). That is, it returns false for tags that are
syntactically invalid and for tags, like "aus", that are listed in
brackets below. This function is not exported.</p>
<p>The map of tags-to-names that it uses is accessable as
%I18N::LangTags::List::Name, and it's the same as the list
that follows in this documentation, which should be useful
to you even if you don't use this module.</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="about_language_tags">ABOUT LANGUAGE TAGS</a></h1>
<p>Internet language tags, as defined in RFC 3066, are a formalism
for denoting human languages. The two-letter ISO 639-1 language
codes are well known (as "en" for English), as are their forms
when qualified by a country code ("en-US"). Less well-known are the
arbitrary-length non-ISO codes (like "i-mingo"), and the
recently (in 2001) introduced three-letter ISO-639-2 codes.</p>
<p>Remember these important facts:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Language tags are not locale IDs. A locale ID is written with a "_"
instead of a "-", (almost?) always matches <a href="../../../lib/Pod/perlfunc.html#item_m_"><code>m/^\w\w_\w\w\b/</code></a>, and
<em>means</em> something different than a language tag. A language tag
denotes a language. A locale ID denotes a language <em>as used in</em>
a particular place, in combination with non-linguistic
location-specific information such as what currency is used
there. Locales <em>also</em> often denote character set information,
as in "en_US.ISO8859-1".</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Language tags are not for computer languages.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>"Dialect" is not a useful term, since there is no objective
criterion for establishing when two language-forms are
dialects of eachother, or are separate languages.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Language tags are not case-sensitive. en-US, en-us, En-Us, etc.,
are all the same tag, and denote the same language.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Not every language tag really refers to a single language. Some
language tags refer to conditions: i-default (system-message text
in English plus maybe other languages), und (undetermined
language). Others (notably lots of the three-letter codes) are
bibliographic tags that classify whole groups of languages, as
with cus "Cushitic (Other)" (i.e., a
language that has been classed as Cushtic, but which has no more
specific code) or the even less linguistically coherent
sai for "South American Indian (Other)". Though useful in
bibliography, <strong>SUCH TAGS ARE NOT
FOR GENERAL USE</strong>. For further guidance, email me.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Language tags are not country codes. In fact, they are often
distinct codes, as with language tag ja for Japanese, and
ISO 3166 country code <code>.jp</code> for Japan.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="list_of_languages">LIST OF LANGUAGES</a></h1>
<p>The first part of each item is the language tag, between
{...}. It
is followed by an English name for the language or language-group.
Language tags that I judge to be not for general use, are bracketed.</p>
<p>This list is in alphabetical order by English name of the language.</p>
<dl>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bab_7d__3a_abkhazian">{ab} : Abkhazian</a></strong>
<dd>
<p>eq Abkhaz</p>
</dd>
</li>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bace_7d__3a_achinese">{ace} : Achinese</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bach_7d__3a_acoli">{ach} : Acoli</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bada_7d__3a_adangme">{ada} : Adangme</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bady_7d__3a_adyghe">{ady} : Adyghe</a></strong>
<dd>
<p>eq Adygei</p>
</dd>
</li>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7baa_7d__3a_afar">{aa} : Afar</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bafh_7d__3a_afrihili">{afh} : Afrihili</a></strong>
<dd>
<p>(Artificial)</p>
</dd>
</li>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7baf_7d__3a_afrikaans">{af} : Afrikaans</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item_asiatic">[{afa} : Afro-Asiatic (Other)]</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bak_7d__3a_akan">{ak} : Akan</a></strong>
<dd>
<p>(Formerly "aka".)</p>
</dd>
</li>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bakk_7d__3a_akkadian">{akk} : Akkadian</a></strong>
<dd>
<p>(Historical)</p>
</dd>
</li>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bsq_7d__3a_albanian">{sq} : Albanian</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bale_7d__3a_aleut">{ale} : Aleut</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__5b_7balg_7d__3a_algonquian_languages_5d">[{alg} : Algonquian languages]</a></strong>
<dd>
<p>NOT Algonquin!</p>
</dd>
</li>
<dt><strong><a name="item_altaic">[{tut} : Altaic (Other)]</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bam_7d__3a_amharic">{am} : Amharic</a></strong>
<dd>
<p>NOT Aramaic!</p>
</dd>
</li>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bi_2dami_7d__3a_ami">{i-ami} : Ami</a></strong>
<dd>
<p>eq Amis. eq 'Amis. eq Pangca.</p>
</dd>
</li>
<dt><strong><a name="item__5b_7bapa_7d__3a_apache_languages_5d">[{apa} : Apache languages]</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bar_7d__3a_arabic">{ar} : Arabic</a></strong>
<dd>
<p>Many forms are mutually un-intelligible in spoken media.
Notable forms:
{ar-ae} UAE Arabic;
{ar-bh} Bahrain Arabic;
{ar-dz} Algerian Arabic;
{ar-eg} Egyptian Arabic;
{ar-iq} Iraqi Arabic;
{ar-jo} Jordanian Arabic;
{ar-kw} Kuwait Arabic;
{ar-lb} Lebanese Arabic;
{ar-ly} Libyan Arabic;
{ar-ma} Moroccan Arabic;
{ar-om} Omani Arabic;
{ar-qa} Qatari Arabic;
{ar-sa} Sauda Arabic;
{ar-sy} Syrian Arabic;
{ar-tn} Tunisian Arabic;
{ar-ye} Yemen Arabic.</p>
</dd>
</li>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7barc_7d__3a_aramaic">{arc} : Aramaic</a></strong>
<dd>
<p>NOT Amharic! NOT Samaritan Aramaic!</p>
</dd>
</li>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7barp_7d__3a_arapaho">{arp} : Arapaho</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7barn_7d__3a_araucanian">{arn} : Araucanian</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7barw_7d__3a_arawak">{arw} : Arawak</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bhy_7d__3a_armenian">{hy} : Armenian</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7ban_7d__3a_aragonese">{an} : Aragonese</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item_artificial">[{art} : Artificial (Other)]</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bast_7d__3a_asturian">{ast} : Asturian</a></strong>
<dd>
<p>eq Bable.</p>
</dd>
</li>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bas_7d__3a_assamese">{as} : Assamese</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__5b_7bath_7d__3a_athapascan_languages_5d">[{ath} : Athapascan languages]</a></strong>
<dd>
<p>eq Athabaskan. eq Athapaskan. eq Athabascan.</p>
</dd>
</li>
<dt><strong><a name="item__5b_7baus_7d__3a_australian_languages_5d">[{aus} : Australian languages]</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item_austronesian">[{map} : Austronesian (Other)]</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bav_7d__3a_avaric">{av} : Avaric</a></strong>
<dd>
<p>(Formerly "ava".)</p>
</dd>
</li>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bae_7d__3a_avestan">{ae} : Avestan</a></strong>
<dd>
<p>eq Zend</p>
</dd>
</li>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bawa_7d__3a_awadhi">{awa} : Awadhi</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bay_7d__3a_aymara">{ay} : Aymara</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7baz_7d__3a_azerbaijani">{az} : Azerbaijani</a></strong>
<dd>
<p>eq Azeri</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Notable forms:
{az-Arab} Azerbaijani in Arabic script;
{az-Cyrl} Azerbaijani in Cyrillic script;
{az-Latn} Azerbaijani in Latin script.</p>
</dd>
</li>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bban_7d__3a_balinese">{ban} : Balinese</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item_baltic">[{bat} : Baltic (Other)]</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bbal_7d__3a_baluchi">{bal} : Baluchi</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bbm_7d__3a_bambara">{bm} : Bambara</a></strong>
<dd>
<p>(Formerly "bam".)</p>
</dd>
</li>
<dt><strong><a name="item__5b_7bbai_7d__3a_bamileke_languages_5d">[{bai} : Bamileke languages]</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bbad_7d__3a_banda">{bad} : Banda</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item_bantu">[{bnt} : Bantu (Other)]</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bbas_7d__3a_basa">{bas} : Basa</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bba_7d__3a_bashkir">{ba} : Bashkir</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7beu_7d__3a_basque">{eu} : Basque</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item_batak">{btk} : Batak (Indonesia)</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bbej_7d__3a_beja">{bej} : Beja</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bbe_7d__3a_belarusian">{be} : Belarusian</a></strong>
<dd>
<p>eq Belarussian. eq Byelarussian.
eq Belorussian. eq Byelorussian.
eq White Russian. eq White Ruthenian.
NOT Ruthenian!</p>
</dd>
</li>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bbem_7d__3a_bemba">{bem} : Bemba</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bbn_7d__3a_bengali">{bn} : Bengali</a></strong>
<dd>
<p>eq Bangla.</p>
</dd>
</li>
<dt><strong><a name="item_berber">[{ber} : Berber (Other)]</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bbho_7d__3a_bhojpuri">{bho} : Bhojpuri</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bbh_7d__3a_bihari">{bh} : Bihari</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bbik_7d__3a_bikol">{bik} : Bikol</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bbin_7d__3a_bini">{bin} : Bini</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bbi_7d__3a_bislama">{bi} : Bislama</a></strong>
<dd>
<p>eq Bichelamar.</p>
</dd>
</li>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bbs_7d__3a_bosnian">{bs} : Bosnian</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bbra_7d__3a_braj">{bra} : Braj</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bbr_7d__3a_breton">{br} : Breton</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bbug_7d__3a_buginese">{bug} : Buginese</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bbg_7d__3a_bulgarian">{bg} : Bulgarian</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bi_2dbnn_7d__3a_bunun">{i-bnn} : Bunun</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bbua_7d__3a_buriat">{bua} : Buriat</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bmy_7d__3a_burmese">{my} : Burmese</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bcad_7d__3a_caddo">{cad} : Caddo</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bcar_7d__3a_carib">{car} : Carib</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bca_7d__3a_catalan">{ca} : Catalan</a></strong>
<dd>
<p>eq Catalán. eq Catalonian.</p>
</dd>
</li>
<dt><strong><a name="item_caucasian">[{cau} : Caucasian (Other)]</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bceb_7d__3a_cebuano">{ceb} : Cebuano</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item_celtic">[{cel} : Celtic (Other)]</a></strong>
<dd>
<p>Notable forms:
{cel-gaulish} Gaulish (Historical)</p>
</dd>
</li>
<dt><strong><a name="item_indian">[{cai} : Central American Indian (Other)]</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bchg_7d__3a_chagatai">{chg} : Chagatai</a></strong>
<dd>
<p>(Historical?)</p>
</dd>
</li>
<dt><strong><a name="item__5b_7bcmc_7d__3a_chamic_languages_5d">[{cmc} : Chamic languages]</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bch_7d__3a_chamorro">{ch} : Chamorro</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bce_7d__3a_chechen">{ce} : Chechen</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bchr_7d__3a_cherokee">{chr} : Cherokee</a></strong>
<dd>
<p>eq Tsalagi</p>
</dd>
</li>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bchy_7d__3a_cheyenne">{chy} : Cheyenne</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bchb_7d__3a_chibcha">{chb} : Chibcha</a></strong>
<dd>
<p>(Historical) NOT Chibchan (which is a language family).</p>
</dd>
</li>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bny_7d__3a_chichewa">{ny} : Chichewa</a></strong>
<dd>
<p>eq Nyanja. eq Chinyanja.</p>
</dd>
</li>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bzh_7d__3a_chinese">{zh} : Chinese</a></strong>
<dd>
<p>Many forms are mutually un-intelligible in spoken media.
Notable forms:
{zh-Hans} Chinese, in simplified script;
{zh-Hant} Chinese, in traditional script;
{zh-tw} Taiwan Chinese;
{zh-cn} PRC Chinese;
{zh-sg} Singapore Chinese;
{zh-mo} Macau Chinese;
{zh-hk} Hong Kong Chinese;
{zh-guoyu} Mandarin [Putonghua/Guoyu];
{zh-hakka} Hakka [formerly "i-hakka"];
{zh-min} Hokkien;
{zh-min-nan} Southern Hokkien;
{zh-wuu} Shanghaiese;
{zh-xiang} Hunanese;
{zh-gan} Gan;
{zh-yue} Cantonese.</p>
</dd>
</li>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bchn_7d__3a_chinook_jargon">{chn} : Chinook Jargon</a></strong>
<dd>
<p>eq Chinook Wawa.</p>
</dd>
</li>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bchp_7d__3a_chipewyan">{chp} : Chipewyan</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bcho_7d__3a_choctaw">{cho} : Choctaw</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bcu_7d__3a_church_slavic">{cu} : Church Slavic</a></strong>
<dd>
<p>eq Old Church Slavonic.</p>
</dd>
</li>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bchk_7d__3a_chuukese">{chk} : Chuukese</a></strong>
<dd>
<p>eq Trukese. eq Chuuk. eq Truk. eq Ruk.</p>
</dd>
</li>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bcv_7d__3a_chuvash">{cv} : Chuvash</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bcop_7d__3a_coptic">{cop} : Coptic</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bkw_7d__3a_cornish">{kw} : Cornish</a></strong>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bco_7d__3a_corsican">{co} : Corsican</a></strong>
<dd>
<p>eq Corse.</p>
</dd>
</li>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bcr_7d__3a_cree">{cr} : Cree</a></strong>
<dd>
<p>NOT Creek! (Formerly "cre".)</p>
</dd>
</li>
<dt><strong><a name="item__7bmus_7d__3a_creek">{mus} : Creek</a></strong>
<dd>
<p>NOT Cree!</p>
</dd>
</li>
<dt><strong><a name="item_pidgins">[{cpe} : English-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)]</a></strong>
<dt><strong>[{cpf} : French-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)]</strong>
<dt><strong>[{cpp} : Portuguese-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)]</strong>
<dt><strong>[{crp} : Creoles and pidgins (Other)]</strong>
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