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<h1><a>Math::Trig - trigonometric functions</a></h1>
<p><a name="__index__"></a></p>

<!-- INDEX BEGIN -->

<ul>

	<li><a href="#name">NAME</a></li>
	<li><a href="#synopsis">SYNOPSIS</a></li>
	<li><a href="#description">DESCRIPTION</a></li>
	<li><a href="#trigonometric_functions">TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS</a></li>
	<ul>

		<li><a href="#errors_due_to_division_by_zero">ERRORS DUE TO DIVISION BY ZERO</a></li>
		<li><a href="#simple__real__arguments__complex_results">SIMPLE (REAL) ARGUMENTS, COMPLEX RESULTS</a></li>
	</ul>

	<li><a href="#plane_angle_conversions">PLANE ANGLE CONVERSIONS</a></li>
	<li><a href="#radial_coordinate_conversions">RADIAL COORDINATE CONVERSIONS</a></li>
	<ul>

		<li><a href="#coordinate_systems">COORDINATE SYSTEMS</a></li>
		<li><a href="#3d_angle_conversions">3-D ANGLE CONVERSIONS</a></li>
	</ul>

	<li><a href="#great_circle_distances_and_directions">GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCES AND DIRECTIONS</a></li>
	<li><a href="#examples">EXAMPLES</a></li>
	<ul>

		<li><a href="#caveat_for_great_circle_formulas">CAVEAT FOR GREAT CIRCLE FORMULAS</a></li>
	</ul>

	<li><a href="#bugs">BUGS</a></li>
	<li><a href="#authors">AUTHORS</a></li>
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<p>
</p>
<h1><a name="name">NAME</a></h1>
<p>Math::Trig - trigonometric functions</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="synopsis">SYNOPSIS</a></h1>
<pre>
        <span class="keyword">use</span> <span class="variable">Math::Trig</span><span class="operator">;</span>
</pre>
<pre>
        <span class="variable">$x</span> <span class="operator">=</span> <span class="variable">tan</span><span class="operator">(</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="operator">.</span><span class="number">9</span><span class="operator">);</span>
        <span class="variable">$y</span> <span class="operator">=</span> <span class="variable">acos</span><span class="operator">(</span><span class="number">3.7</span><span class="operator">);</span>
        <span class="variable">$z</span> <span class="operator">=</span> <span class="variable">asin</span><span class="operator">(</span><span class="number">2.4</span><span class="operator">);</span>
</pre>
<pre>
        <span class="variable">$halfpi</span> <span class="operator">=</span> <span class="variable">pi</span><span class="operator">/</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="operator">;</span>
</pre>
<pre>
        <span class="variable">$rad</span> <span class="operator">=</span> <span class="variable">deg2rad</span><span class="operator">(</span><span class="number">120</span><span class="operator">);</span>
</pre>
<pre>
        <span class="comment"># Import constants pi2, pip2, pip4 (2*pi, pi/2, pi/4).</span>
        <span class="keyword">use</span> <span class="variable">Math::Trig</span> <span class="string">':pi'</span><span class="operator">;</span>
</pre>
<pre>
        <span class="comment"># Import the conversions between cartesian/spherical/cylindrical.</span>
        <span class="keyword">use</span> <span class="variable">Math::Trig</span> <span class="string">':radial'</span><span class="operator">;</span>
</pre>
<pre>
        <span class="comment"># Import the great circle formulas.</span>
        <span class="keyword">use</span> <span class="variable">Math::Trig</span> <span class="string">':great_circle'</span><span class="operator">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="description">DESCRIPTION</a></h1>
<p><code>Math::Trig</code> defines many trigonometric functions not defined by the
core Perl which defines only the <a href="../../lib/Pod/perlfunc.html#item_sin"><code>sin()</code></a> and <a href="../../lib/Pod/perlfunc.html#item_cos"><code>cos()</code></a>.  The constant
<strong>pi</strong> is also defined as are a few convenience functions for angle
conversions, and <em>great circle formulas</em> for spherical movement.</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="trigonometric_functions">TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS</a></h1>
<p>The tangent</p>
<dl>
<dt><strong><a name="item_tan"><strong>tan</strong></a></strong>

</dl>
<p>The cofunctions of the sine, cosine, and tangent (cosec/csc and cotan/cot
are aliases)</p>
<p><strong>csc</strong>, <strong>cosec</strong>, <strong>sec</strong>, <strong>sec</strong>, <strong>cot</strong>, <strong>cotan</strong></p>
<p>The arcus (also known as the inverse) functions of the sine, cosine,
and tangent</p>
<p><strong>asin</strong>, <strong>acos</strong>, <strong>atan</strong></p>
<p>The principal value of the arc tangent of y/x</p>
<p><strong>atan2</strong>(y, x)</p>
<p>The arcus cofunctions of the sine, cosine, and tangent (acosec/acsc
and acotan/acot are aliases)</p>
<p><strong>acsc</strong>, <strong>acosec</strong>, <strong>asec</strong>, <strong>acot</strong>, <strong>acotan</strong></p>
<p>The hyperbolic sine, cosine, and tangent</p>
<p><strong>sinh</strong>, <strong>cosh</strong>, <strong>tanh</strong></p>
<p>The cofunctions of the hyperbolic sine, cosine, and tangent (cosech/csch
and cotanh/coth are aliases)</p>
<p><strong>csch</strong>, <strong>cosech</strong>, <strong>sech</strong>, <strong>coth</strong>, <strong>cotanh</strong></p>
<p>The arcus (also known as the inverse) functions of the hyperbolic
sine, cosine, and tangent</p>
<p><strong>asinh</strong>, <strong>acosh</strong>, <strong>atanh</strong></p>
<p>The arcus cofunctions of the hyperbolic sine, cosine, and tangent
(acsch/acosech and acoth/acotanh are aliases)</p>
<p><strong>acsch</strong>, <strong>acosech</strong>, <strong>asech</strong>, <strong>acoth</strong>, <strong>acotanh</strong></p>
<p>The trigonometric constant <strong>pi</strong> is also defined.</p>
<p>$pi2 = 2 * <strong>pi</strong>;</p>
<p>
</p>
<h2><a name="errors_due_to_division_by_zero">ERRORS DUE TO DIVISION BY ZERO</a></h2>
<p>The following functions</p>
<pre>
        acoth
        acsc
        acsch
        asec
        asech
        atanh
        cot
        coth
        csc
        csch
        sec
        sech
        tan
        tanh</pre>
<p>cannot be computed for all arguments because that would mean dividing
by zero or taking logarithm of zero. These situations cause fatal
runtime errors looking like this</p>
<pre>
        cot(0): Division by zero.
        (Because in the definition of cot(0), the divisor sin(0) is 0)
123

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