📄 坐标转换问题.htm
字号:
<html xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml"
xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"
xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40">
<head>
<meta http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=gb2312">
<meta name=ProgId content=Word.Document>
<meta name=Generator content="Microsoft Word 10">
<meta name=Originator content="Microsoft Word 10">
<link rel=File-List href="坐标转换问题.files/filelist.xml">
<link rel=Edit-Time-Data href="坐标转换问题.files/editdata.mso">
<!--[if !mso]>
<style>
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<title>坐标转换问题</title>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:DocumentProperties>
<o:Author>Jerry</o:Author>
<o:Template>Normal</o:Template>
<o:LastAuthor>Jerry</o:LastAuthor>
<o:Revision>28</o:Revision>
<o:TotalTime>164</o:TotalTime>
<o:Created>2001-12-21T08:56:00Z</o:Created>
<o:LastSaved>2002-03-27T01:35:00Z</o:LastSaved>
<o:Pages>1</o:Pages>
<o:Words>184</o:Words>
<o:Characters>1049</o:Characters>
<o:Company>South</o:Company>
<o:Lines>8</o:Lines>
<o:Paragraphs>2</o:Paragraphs>
<o:CharactersWithSpaces>1231</o:CharactersWithSpaces>
<o:Version>10.2625</o:Version>
</o:DocumentProperties>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:SpellingState>Clean</w:SpellingState>
<w:GrammarState>Clean</w:GrammarState>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing>7.8 磅</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing>
<w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery>
<w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery>2</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:SpaceForUL/>
<w:BalanceSingleByteDoubleByteWidth/>
<w:DoNotLeaveBackslashAlone/>
<w:ULTrailSpace/>
<w:DoNotExpandShiftReturn/>
<w:AdjustLineHeightInTable/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
</w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]-->
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:宋体;
panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-alt:SimSun;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 135135232 16 0 262145 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"\@宋体";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 135135232 16 0 262144 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0cm;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-align:justify;
text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-pagination:none;
font-size:10.5pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{color:purple;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
span.GramE
{mso-style-name:"";
mso-gram-e:yes;}
/* Page Definitions */
@page
{mso-page-border-surround-header:no;
mso-page-border-surround-footer:no;}
@page Section1
{size:595.3pt 841.9pt;
margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt;
mso-header-margin:42.55pt;
mso-footer-margin:49.6pt;
mso-paper-source:0;
layout-grid:15.6pt;}
div.Section1
{page:Section1;}
/* List Definitions */
@list l0
{mso-list-id:1811051381;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:-1148965852 163752998 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;}
@list l0:level1
{mso-level-text:%1．;
mso-level-tab-stop:39.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:39.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l0:level2
{mso-level-tab-stop:72.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l0:level3
{mso-level-tab-stop:108.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l0:level4
{mso-level-tab-stop:144.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l0:level5
{mso-level-tab-stop:180.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l0:level6
{mso-level-tab-stop:216.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l0:level7
{mso-level-tab-stop:252.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l0:level8
{mso-level-tab-stop:288.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l0:level9
{mso-level-tab-stop:324.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
ol
{margin-bottom:0cm;}
ul
{margin-bottom:0cm;}
-->
</style>
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:普通表格;
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";}
</style>
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="7170"/>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
<o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/>
</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]-->
</head>
<body lang=ZH-CN link=blue vlink=purple style='tab-interval:21.0pt;text-justify-trim:
punctuation'>
<div class=Section1 style='layout-grid:15.6pt'>
<table class=MsoNormalTable border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
style='background:#FFCC00;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-bottom-alt:
solid windowtext .5pt;mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
<td width=480 valign=top style='width:360.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>坐标转换问题</span></b><b><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:21.0pt'><span style='font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>坐标转换问题的详细了解对于测量很重要，那么请和我一起来讨论这个问题。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span style='mso-tab-count:1'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>首先，我们要弄清楚几种坐标表示方法。大致有三种坐标表示方法：经纬度和高程，空间直角坐标，平面坐标和高程。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>我们通常说的</span><span lang=EN-US>WGS-84</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>坐标是经纬度和高程这一种，北京</span><span lang=EN-US>54</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>坐标是平面坐标和<span class=GramE>高程着</span>一种。</span><span
lang=EN-US><span style='mso-tab-count:1'> </span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:21.0pt'><span style='font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>现在，再搞清楚转换的严密性问题，在同一个椭球里的转换都是严密的，而在不同的椭球之间的转换<span
class=GramE>这时不</span>严密的。举个例子，在</span><span lang=EN-US>WGS-84</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>坐标和北京</span><span lang=EN-US>54</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>坐标之间是不存在一套转换参数可以全国通用的，在每个地方会不一样，因为它们是两个不同的椭球基准。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:21.0pt'><span style='font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>那么，两个椭球间的坐标转换应该是怎样的呢？一般而言比较严密的是用七参数法，即</span><span
lang=EN-US>X</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>平移，</span><span lang=EN-US>Y</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>平移，</span><span lang=EN-US>Z</span><span style='font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>平移，</span><span
lang=EN-US>X</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>旋转，</span><span lang=EN-US>Y</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>旋转，</span><span lang=EN-US>Z</span><span style='font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>旋转，尺度变化</span><span
lang=EN-US>K</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>。要求得七参数就需要在一个地区需要</span><span
lang=EN-US>3</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>个以上的已知点，如果区域范围不大，<span class=GramE>最远点间的</span>距离不大于</span><span
lang=EN-US>30Km(</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>经验值</span><span lang=EN-US>)</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>，这可以用三参数，即</span><span lang=EN-US>X</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>平移，</span><span lang=EN-US>Y</span><span style='font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>平移，</span><span
lang=EN-US>Z</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>平移，而将</span><span lang=EN-US>X</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>旋转，</span><span lang=EN-US>Y</span><span style='font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>旋转，</span><span
lang=EN-US>Z</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>旋转，尺度变化</span><span lang=EN-US>K</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>视为</span><span lang=EN-US>0</span><span style='font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>，所以三参数只是七参数的一种特例。在本软件中提供了计算三参数、七参数的功能。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:21.0pt'><span style='font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>在一个椭球的不同坐标系中转换需要用到四参数转换，举个例子，在深圳既有北京</span><span
lang=EN-US>54</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>坐标又有深圳坐标，在这两种坐标之间转换就用到四参数，计算四参数需要两个已知点。本软件提供计算四参数的功能。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span style='mso-tab-count:1'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>现在举个例子说明：在珠江有一个测区，需要完成</span><span lang=EN-US>WGS-84</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>坐标到珠江坐标系（</span><span lang=EN-US>54</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>椭球）的坐标转换，整个转换过程是</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>这样的：</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span style='mso-tab-count:4'> </span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><!--[if mso & !supportInlineShapes & supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SHAPE <span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>\* MERGEFORMAT <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang=EN-US><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:group
id="_x0000_s1060" editas="canvas" style='width:378.75pt;height:405pt;
mso-position-horizontal-relative:char;mso-position-vertical-relative:line'
coordorigin="1140,5115" coordsize="7575,8100">
<o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/>
<v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75"
o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
<v:formulas>
<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/>
⌨️ 快捷键说明
复制代码
Ctrl + C
搜索代码
Ctrl + F
全屏模式
F11
切换主题
Ctrl + Shift + D
显示快捷键
?
增大字号
Ctrl + =
减小字号
Ctrl + -