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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"><head>	<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />	<style type="text/css">	body { font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;}	a.at-term {	font-style: italic; }	</style>	<title>Multi-Level Parallel Programming</title>	<meta name="Generator" content="ATutor">	<meta name="Keywords" content=""></head><body> <p> As parallel computer architectures have evolved over the years, the programming styles needed to effectively use these architectures have evolved as well. In the last few years, two of these styles have become the defacto standards: </p>

<ol>
  <li><p>the <em><a href="../glossary.html#MPI" target="body" class="at-term">MPI</a></em> library for message passing and </p></li>
  <li><p>the <em><a href="../glossary.html#OpenMP" target="body" class="at-term">OpenMP</a></em> compiler directives for multithreading. </p></li>
</ol>

<p>Both of these are now in wide use, and one or both are supported on virtually every parallel system currently in production. </p>

<p> However, with the latest parallel system architectures it often makes sense to mix message passing and multithreading to maximize performance. Combining these styles is usually referred to as <em><a href="../glossary.html#hybrid+parallel+programming" target="body" class="at-term">hybrid parallel programming</a></em> or <em><a href="../glossary.html#multilevel+parallel+programming" target="body" class="at-term">multilevel parallel programming</a></em> (which is the topic of this course). The next few sections 
illustrate the features of these new parallel architectures that encourage multilevel parallel programming. </p></body></html>

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