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国外MPI教材

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			  <imsmd:langstring xml:lang="en">Multilevel Parallel Programming</imsmd:langstring>
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			<imsmd:description>
			  <imsmd:langstring xml:lang="en">This tutorial describes how to develop multilevel parallel programs (MLP) using MPI and OpenMP. A problem set is included so that you can write your own MLP programs and compare your code with the solution given.</imsmd:langstring>
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			    <imsmd:vcard>BEGIN:VCARD
VERSION:2.1
N:Kappes;Sandie;skappes;;
FN:Sandie skappes Kappes
EMAIL;INTERNET:[e-mail]
NOTE;ENCODING=QUOTED-PRINTABLE:Originated from an ATutor at http://ci-tutor.ncsa.uiuc.edu/. See ATutor.ca =
    for additional information.
URL:
REV:2007-12-09T01:12:35Z
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	<organizations default="MANIFEST01_ORG1">
		<organization identifier="MANIFEST01_ORG1" structure="hierarchical">
			<title>Multilevel Parallel Programming</title>
                    <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM9" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE9" parameters="">
                        <title>Introduction to Distributed Shared Memory Architectures</title>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM10" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE10" parameters="">
                                <title>Multi-Level Parallel Programming</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM11" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE11" parameters="">
                                <title>Parallel Computer Architectures</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM12" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE12" parameters="">
                                <title>Examples of Distributed Shared Memory Systems</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM13" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE13" parameters="">
                                <title>Parallel Programming Approaches</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM14" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE14" parameters="">
                                <title>Motivations for Multilevel Parallel Programming</title>
                        </item>
                    </item>
                    <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM15" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE15" parameters="">
                        <title>Interlude: Serial Solution to Laplace's Equation</title>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM16" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE16" parameters="">
                                <title>Laplace's Equation in Two Dimensions</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM17" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE17" parameters="">
                                <title>Two Implementations of Laplace Solvers</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM18" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE18" parameters="">
                                <title>Laplace Solver Performance Characteristics</title>
                        </item>
                    </item>
                    <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM19" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE19" parameters="">
                        <title>OpenMP Programming Review</title>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM20" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE20" parameters="">
                                <title>Introduction to OpenMP</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM21" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE21" parameters="">
                                <title>The OpenMP Programming Model</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM22" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE22" parameters="">
                                <title>OpenMP Directives</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM23" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE23" parameters="">
                                <title>General Syntax Rules</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM24" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE24" parameters="">
                            <title>The Parallel Region</title>
                            <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM25" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE25" parameters="">
                                    <title>Operation of a Parallel Region</title>
                            </item>
                            <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM26" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE26" parameters="">
                                    <title>Thread ID in a Parallel Region</title>
                            </item>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM27" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE27" parameters="">
                                <title>OpenMP Directive Clauses</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM28" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE28" parameters="">
                            <title>OpenMP Work-Sharing Constructs</title>
                            <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM29" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE29" parameters="">
                                    <title>Parallel for/DO</title>
                            </item>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM30" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE30" parameters="">
                                <title>Reduction Operations</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM31" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE31" parameters="">
                                <title>OpenMP Environment Variables</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM32" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE32" parameters="">
                                <title>OpenMP Runtime Environment Routines</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM33" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE33" parameters="">
                                <title>OpenMP Synchronization Constructs</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM34" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE34" parameters="">
                                <title>The Critical Section</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM35" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE35" parameters="">
                                <title>The Atomic Update</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM36" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE36" parameters="">
                                <title>The Barrier</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM37" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE37" parameters="">
                                <title>The Master Region</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM38" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE38" parameters="">
                                <title>Self Test</title>
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                    <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM39" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE39" parameters="">
                        <title>Interlude:  A Laplace Solver Using OpenMP</title>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM40" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE40" parameters="">
                                <title>Applying OpenMP to the Laplace Solver Code</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM41" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE41" parameters="">
                                <title>OpenMP Laplace Solver Performance Characteristics</title>
                        </item>
                    </item>
                    <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM42" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE42" parameters="">
                        <title>MPI Programming Review</title>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM43" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE43" parameters="">
                                <title>Message Passing Interface (MPI)</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM44" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE44" parameters="">
                                <title>Adding MPI to Fortran and C Programs</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM45" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE45" parameters="">
                                <title>Adding MPI to C and Fortran Programs (cont.)</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM46" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE46" parameters="">
                                <title>Messages</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM47" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE47" parameters="">
                                <title>MPI Basic Datatypes</title>
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                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM48" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE48" parameters="">
                                <title>Point to Point Communications</title>
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                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM49" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE49" parameters="">
                                <title>Communication Envelope</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM50" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE50" parameters="">
                                <title>Memory Mapping</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM51" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE51" parameters="">
                                <title>Sending a Message with the Point-to-Point Protocol</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM52" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE52" parameters="">
                                <title>Receiving a Message with Point-to-Point Protocol</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM53" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE53" parameters="">
                                <title>Wildcarding</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM54" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE54" parameters="">
                                <title>Sample Program</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM55" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE55" parameters="">
                                <title>Collective Communication</title>
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                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM56" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE56" parameters="">
                                <title>Barrier Synchronization</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM57" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE57" parameters="">
                                <title>Broadcast</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM58" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE58" parameters="">
                                <title>Global Reduction</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM59" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE59" parameters="">
                                <title>Predefined Reduction Operations</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM60" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE60" parameters="">
                                <title>Introduction to Virtual Topologies</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM61" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE61" parameters="">
                                <title>Topology Types</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM62" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE62" parameters="">
                                <title>Creating a Cartesian Virtual Topology</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM63" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE63" parameters="">
                                <title>Mapping Functions</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM64" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE64" parameters="">
                                <title>Cartesian Mapping Functions</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM65" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE65" parameters="">
                                <title>MPI Self Test</title>
                        </item>
                    </item>
                    <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM66" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE66" parameters="">
                        <title>Interlude:  A Laplace Solver Using MPI</title>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM67" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE67" parameters="">
                                <title>Applying MPI to the Laplace Solver</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM68" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE68" parameters="">
                                <title>MPI Laplace Solver Performance Characteristics</title>
                        </item>
                    </item>
                    <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM69" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE69" parameters="">
                        <title>Combining MPI and OpenMP Parallelism</title>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM70" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE70" parameters="">
                                <title>Chapter Objectives</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM71" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE71" parameters="">
                                <title>Multi-Level Parallel Programming Strategy</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM72" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE72" parameters="">
                                <title>Multi-Level Parallel Programming Procedure</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM73" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE73" parameters="">
                                <title>Demonstration MLP program</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM74" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE74" parameters="">
                                <title>MPI Processes Created</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM75" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE75" parameters="">
                                <title>OpenMP Threads Created</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM76" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE76" parameters="">
                                <title>Self Test</title>
                        </item>
                    </item>
                    <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM77" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE77" parameters="">
                        <title>Interlude:  A Laplace Solver Using MPI and OpenMP</title>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM78" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE78" parameters="">
                                <title>Applying OpenMP to the MPI Laplace Solver</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM79" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE79" parameters="">
                                <title>Hybrid MPI/OpenMP Laplace Solver Performance Characteristics</title>
                        </item>
                    </item>
                    <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM80" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE80" parameters="">
                        <title>Multi-Level Parallelism and Performance</title>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM81" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE81" parameters="">
                                <title>Measuring Parallel Performance</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM82" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE82" parameters="">
                                <title>Hardware and Application Considerations</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM83" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE83" parameters="">
                                <title>General Considerations for MLP Programming</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM84" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE84" parameters="">
                                <title>MPI Performance Characteristics</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM85" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE85" parameters="">
                                <title>Advantages of MPI</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM86" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE86" parameters="">
                                <title>Disadvantages of MPI</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM87" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE87" parameters="">
                                <title>OpenMP Performance Characteristics</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM88" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE88" parameters="">
                                <title>Advantages of OpenMP</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM89" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE89" parameters="">
                                <title>Disadvantages of OpenMP</title>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM90" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE90" parameters="">
                            <title>When MLP May be Useful...</title>
                            <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM91" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE91" parameters="">
                                    <title>Codes that do not scale well with MPI</title>
                            </item>
                            <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM92" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE92" parameters="">
                                    <title>Example: NAS Parallel Benchmarks</title>
                            </item>
                            <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM93" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE93" parameters="">
                                    <title>Codes that could benefit from dynamic load balancing</title>
                            </item>
                            <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM94" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE94" parameters="">
                                    <title>Problems for which fine-grained parallelism is natural</title>
                            </item>
                            <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM95" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE95" parameters="">
                                    <title>Codes that make use of replicated data</title>
                            </item>
                            <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM96" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE96" parameters="">
                                    <title>Ease of implementation</title>
                            </item>
                        </item>
                        <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM97" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE97" parameters="">
                            <title>Case Study: The Laplace Solver</title>
                            <item identifier="MANIFEST01_ITEM98" identifierref="MANIFEST01_RESOURCE98" parameters="">
                                    <title>Scaling Performance: IBM SP</title>
                            </item>