s05-03.htm

关于扩频的一些好资料

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            lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #333399">5.3.2<SPAN 
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            style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #333399; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">相关解扩</SPAN><SPAN 
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            style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">前面说了直扩系统在发端用</SPAN><SPAN 
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            style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">码进行调制以扩展信号频谱。那么在收端又如何解扩呢</SPAN><SPAN 
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            style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">也就是如何从频谱已经扩展的信号中把要传的基带有用信息解调出来呢</SPAN><SPAN 
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            style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一般采用相关检测或匹配滤波的方法来解扩。</SPAN><SPAN 
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            style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所谓相关检测，一个简单的譬喻就是用像片去对照找人。如果想在一群人中去寻找某个不相识的人，最简单有效的方法就是手里有一张某人的照片，然后用照片一个一个的对比，这样下去，自然能够找到某人。同理，当你想检测出所需要的有用信号，有效的方法是在本地产生一个相同的信号，然后用它与接收到的信号对比，求其相似性。换句话说，就是用本地产生的相同的信号与接收到的信号进行相关运算，其中相关函数最大的就最可能是所要的有用信号。</SPAN></P>
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            style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中已表示出基本的解扩过程。也就是在收端产生与发端完全相同的</SPAN><SPAN 
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            style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">码，对收到的扩频信号，在平衡调制器中再一次进行二相相移键控调制。在图</SPAN><SPAN 
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            lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">1(b)</SPAN><SPAN 
            style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中可以看出发端相移键控调制后的信号在收端又被恢复成原来的载波</SPAN><SPAN 
            style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">信号。当然一个必要的条件是本地的</SPAN><SPAN 
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            style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">码信号的相位必须和收到的相移后的信号在相移点对准，才能正确地将相移后的信号再翻转过来。由此可见，收发两端信号的同步十分重要。下面我们将进一步较详细地加以讨论。</SPAN></P>
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            style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">另外从图</SPAN><SPAN 
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            style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中的频谱图上也可以看出，平衡调制器把收到的展宽的信号解扩成信息调制的载波。最后经带通滤波器输出。以上所述就是所谓的相关解扩过程。通常为了处理方便，大多在中频进行。也就是接收到的扩频信号，先在变频器中先变换到中频，再进入到平衡调制器中解扩。其后接中频带通滤波器输出。有时为了避免强干扰信号从平衡调制器的输入端绕过它而泄漏到输出端去，可以来用外差相关解扩，如图</SPAN><SPAN 
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            style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所示。</SPAN><SPAN 
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            style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">本地产生的</SPAN><SPAN 
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            style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">码先与本地振荡器产生的与接收信号差一个中频信号的本地振荡信号在下面一个平衡调制器进行调制，产生本地参考信号。它是一个展宽了的信号。然后，此本地参考信号与接收的信号在上面一个平衡调制器调制成中频输出信号。这时平衡调制器实际上起的是混频器的作用。由于它的输入信号与输出信号不同，也就不会发生强干扰信号直接绕过去的泄漏了。并且后面还有一个中频带通滤波器，可以起到滤除干扰的作用。</SPAN></P>
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            style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">相关解扩过程对扩频通信至关重要。正是这一解扩过程大大提高了系统的抗扰能力。</SPAN><SPAN 
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            lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">10(a)</SPAN><SPAN 
            style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">示出一直扩接收机的简化框图。输入信号除直扩信号外，还有连续载波干扰和宽带信号干扰。图</SPAN><SPAN 
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            style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中示出三种信好的处理过程。由于解扩相关器对连续载波起作扩频的作用，把它变换成展宽的直扩信号。同理，对输入的不是相同</SPAN><SPAN 
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            style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">码调制的宽带信号也进一步展宽</SPAN><SPAN 
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            style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">倍。这两种信号经窄带滤波器后，只剩下一小部分干扰信号能量。与解扩出的信息调制载波相比较，输出的信噪比大大提高了。由此可见，频带展得越宽，功率谱密度越低，经窄带滤波后残余的干扰信号能量就更小了。这里也可以看出，在接收端，窄带滤波器对提高抗干扰性起作很关键的作用，因而在实际应用中，对其性能指标的要求也就很严格。</SPAN><SPAN 
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