chap09.html

Inside the java virtualMachine,深入研究java虚拟机

<H3><P>Assign References </P>
</H3><P>The assign references mode, shown in Figure 9-3, allows you to build a network of references between local variables and allocated fish objects. A reference is merely a local or instance variable that contains a valid object reference. There are three local variables which serve as the roots of garbage collection, one for each class of fish. If you do not link any fish to local variables, then all fish will be considered unreachable and freed by the garbage collector.</P>
<P><IMG SRC="fig9-3.gif" tppabs="http://www.pbg.mcgraw-hill.com/betabooks/venners/images/fig9-3.gif" ALT="Figure 9-3"><BR>
Figure 9-3. The assign references mode of the <I>Heap of Fish</I> applet.</P>
<P>The assign references mode has three sub-modes: move fish, link fish, and unlink fish. You can select the sub-mode via radio buttons at the bottom of the canvas upon which the fish appear. In move fish mode, you can click on a fish and drag it to a new position. You might want to do this to make your links more visible or just because you feel like rearranging fish in the sea.</P>
<P>In link fish mode, you can click on a fish or local variable and drag a link to another fish. The fish or local variable you initially drag from will be assigned a reference to the fish you ultimately drop upon. A line will be shown connecting the two items. A line connecting two fish will be drawn between the nose of the fish with the reference to the tail of the referenced fish.</P>
<P>Class <FONT FACE="Courier New">YellowFish</FONT> has only one instance variable, <FONT FACE="Courier New">myFriend</FONT>, which is a reference to a <FONT FACE="Courier New">YellowFish</FONT> object. Therefore, a yellow fish can only be linked to one other yellow fish. When you link two yellow fish, the <FONT FACE="Courier New">myFriend</FONT> variable of the "dragged from" fish will be assigned the reference to the "dropped upon" fish. If this action were implemented in Java code, it might look like:</P>
<P><FONT FACE="Courier New">insert</FONT></P>
<FONT FACE="Courier New"><P>// Fish are allocated somewhere</P>
<P>YellowFish draggedFromFish = new YellowFish();</P>
<P>YellowFish droppedUponFish = new YellowFish();</P>
<P>&nbsp;</P>
<P>// Sometime later the assignment takes place</P>
<P>draggedFromFish.myFriend = droppedUponFish;</P>
</FONT><P><FONT FACE="Courier New">end</FONT></P></PRE>
<P>Class <FONT FACE="Courier New">BlueFish</FONT> has two instance variables, <FONT FACE="Courier New">BlueFish myFriend</FONT> and <FONT FACE="Courier New">YellowFish myLunch</FONT>. Therefore, a blue fish can be linked to one blue fish and one yellow fish. Class <FONT FACE="Courier New">RedFish</FONT> has three instance variables, <FONT FACE="Courier New">RedFish myFriend</FONT>, <FONT FACE="Courier New">BlueFish myLunch</FONT>, and <FONT FACE="Courier New">YellowFish mySnack</FONT>. Red fish can therefore link to one instance of each class of fish.</P>
<P>In unlink fish mode, you can disconnect fish by moving the cursor over the line connecting two fish. When the cursor is over the line, the line will turn black. If you click a black line the reference will be set to null and the line will disappear.</P>
<H3><P>Garbage Collect</P>
</H3><P>The garbage collect mode, shown in Figure 9-4, allows you to drive the mark and sweep algorithm. The Step button at the bottom of the canvas takes you through the garbage collection process one step at a time. You can reset the garbage collector at any time by clicking the Reset button. However, once the garbage collector has swept, the freed fish are gone forever. No manner of frantic clicking of the Reset button will bring them back.</P>
<P><IMG SRC="fig9-4.gif" tppabs="http://www.pbg.mcgraw-hill.com/betabooks/venners/images/fig9-4.gif" ALT="Figure 9-4"><BR>
Figure 9-4. The garbage collect mode of the <I>Heap of Fish</I> applet.</P>
<P>The garbage collection process is divided into a mark phase and a sweep phase. During the mark phase, the fish objects on the heap are traversed depth-first starting from the local variables. During the sweep phase, all unmarked fish objects are freed.</P>
<P>At the start of the mark phase, all local variables, fish, and links are shown in white. Each press of the Step button advances the depth-first traversal one more node. The current node of the traversal, either a local variable or a fish, is shown in magenta. As the garbage collector traverses down a branch, fish along the branch are changed from white to gray. Gray indicates the fish has been reached by the traversal, but there may yet be fish further down the branch that have not been reached. Once the terminal node of a branch is reached, the color of the terminal fish is changed to black and the traversal retreats back up the branch. Once all links below a fish have been marked black, that fish is marked black and the traversal returns back the way it came.</P>
<P>At the end of the mark phase, all reachable fish are colored black and any unreachable fish are colored white. The sweep phase then frees the memory occupied by the white fish.</P>
<H3><P>Compact Heap </P>
</H3><P>The compact heap mode, shown in Figure 9-5, allows you to move one object at a time to one end of the object pool. Each press of the Slide button will move one object. You can see that only the object instance data in the object pool moves; the handle in the handle pool does not move.</P>
<P><IMG SRC="fig9-5.gif" tppabs="http://www.pbg.mcgraw-hill.com/betabooks/venners/images/fig9-5.gif" ALT="Figure 9-5"><BR>
Figure 9-5. The compact heap mode of the <I>Heap of Fish</I> applet.</P>
<P>The <I>Heap of Fish</I> applet allows you to allocate new fish objects, link fish, garbage collect, and compact the heap. These activities can be done in any order as much as you please. By playing around with this applet you should be able to get a good idea how a mark and sweep garbage-collected heap works. There is some text at the bottom of the applet that should help you as you go along. Happy clicking.</P>
<H3><EM><P>On the CD-ROM</P>
</EM></H3><P>The CD-ROM contains the source code examples from this chapter in the gc directory. The <I>Heap of Fish</I> applet is contained in a web page on the CD-ROM in file <FONT FACE="Courier New">applets/HeapOfFish.html</FONT>. The source code for this applet is found alongside its class files, in the <FONT FACE="Courier New">applets/HeapOfFish</FONT> directory.</P>
<H3><EM><P>The Resources Page</P>
</EM></H3><P>For more information about the material presented in this chapter, visit the resources page: <FONT FACE="Courier New"><A HREF="http://www.artima.com/insidejvm/gc.html" tppabs="http://www.artima.com/insidejvm/gc.html">http://www.artima.com/insidejvm/gc.html</A></FONT>.</P>
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