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<TITLE>Understanding Digital Signatures: Inside the Java Virtual Machine
 by Bill Venners - Beta Version</TITLE>
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<P><H1>Appendix B</H1></P>
<P><H2>Opcode Mnemonic by Function Group</H2></P>
<H3><EM><P>Stack Operations (Chapter 10)</P>
</I><P>Instructions that push a constant onto the stack</P>
</H3><TABLE WIDTH="500">
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">aconst_null</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Push <FONT FACE="Courier New">null</FONT> object reference</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">iconst_m1</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Push <FONT FACE="Courier New">int</FONT> constant -1</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">iconst_0</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Push <FONT FACE="Courier New">int</FONT> constant 0</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">iconst_1</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Push <FONT FACE="Courier New">int</FONT> constant 1</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">iconst_2</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Push <FONT FACE="Courier New">int</FONT> constant 2</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">iconst_3</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Push <FONT FACE="Courier New">int</FONT> constant 3</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">iconst_4</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Push <FONT FACE="Courier New">int</FONT> constant 4</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">iconst_5</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Push <FONT FACE="Courier New">int</FONT> constant 5</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">lconst_0</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Push <FONT FACE="Courier New">long</FONT> constant 0</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">lconst_1</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Push <FONT FACE="Courier New">long</FONT> constant 1</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">fconst_0</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Push <FONT FACE="Courier New">float</FONT> constant 0.0</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">fconst_1</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Push <FONT FACE="Courier New">float</FONT> constant 1.0</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">fconst_2</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Push <FONT FACE="Courier New">float</FONT> constant 2.0</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">dconst_0</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Push <FONT FACE="Courier New">double</FONT> constant 0.0</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">dconst_1</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Push <FONT FACE="Courier New">double</FONT> constant 1.0</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">bipush</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Push 8-bit signed integer</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">sipush</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Push 16-bit signed integer</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">ldc</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Push item from constant pool</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">ldcw</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Push item from constant pool (wide index)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">ldc2_w</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Push <FONT FACE="Courier New">long</FONT> or <FONT FACE="Courier New">double</FONT> from constant pool (wide index)</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<H3><P>Instructions that load a local variable onto the stack</P>
</H3><TABLE WIDTH="500">
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">iload</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Load <FONT FACE="Courier New">int</FONT> from local variable</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">lload</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Load <FONT FACE="Courier New">long</FONT> from local variable</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">fload</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Load <FONT FACE="Courier New">float</FONT> from local variable</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">dload</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Load <FONT FACE="Courier New">double</FONT> from local variable</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">aload</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Load <FONT FACE="Courier New">reference</FONT> from local variable</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">iload_0</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Load <FONT FACE="Courier New">int</FONT> from local variable 0</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">iload_1</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Load <FONT FACE="Courier New">int</FONT> from local variable 1</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">iload_2</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Load <FONT FACE="Courier New">int</FONT> from local variable 2</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">iload_3</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Load <FONT FACE="Courier New">int</FONT> from local variable 3</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">lload_0</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Load <FONT FACE="Courier New">long</FONT> from local variable 0</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">lload_1</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Load <FONT FACE="Courier New">long</FONT> from local variable 1</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">lload_2</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Load <FONT FACE="Courier New">long</FONT> from local variable 2</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">lload_3</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Load <FONT FACE="Courier New">long</FONT> from local variable 3</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">fload_0</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Load <FONT FACE="Courier New">float</FONT> from local variable 0</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">fload_1</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Load <FONT FACE="Courier New">float</FONT> from local variable 1</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">fload_2</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Load <FONT FACE="Courier New">float</FONT> from local variable 2</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">fload_3</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Load <FONT FACE="Courier New">float</FONT> from local variable 3</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">dload_0</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Load <FONT FACE="Courier New">double</FONT> from local variable 0</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">dload_1</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Load <FONT FACE="Courier New">double</FONT> from local variable 1</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">dload_2</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Load <FONT FACE="Courier New">double</FONT> from local variable 2</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">dload_3</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Load <FONT FACE="Courier New">double</FONT> from local variable 3</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">aload_0</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Load <FONT FACE="Courier New">reference</FONT> from local variable 0</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">aload_1</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Load <FONT FACE="Courier New">reference</FONT> from local variable 1</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">aload_2</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Load <FONT FACE="Courier New">reference</FONT> from local variable 2</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">aload_3</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Load <FONT FACE="Courier New">reference</FONT> from local variable 3</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">iaload</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Load <FONT FACE="Courier New">int</FONT> from array</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">laload</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Load <FONT FACE="Courier New">long</FONT> from array</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">faload</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Load <FONT FACE="Courier New">float</FONT> from array</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">daload</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Load <FONT FACE="Courier New">double</FONT> from array</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">aaload</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Load <FONT FACE="Courier New">reference</FONT> from array</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">baload</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Load <FONT FACE="Courier New">byte</FONT> or <FONT FACE="Courier New">boolean</FONT> from array</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">caload</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Load <FONT FACE="Courier New">char</FONT> from array</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">saload</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Load <FONT FACE="Courier New">short</FONT> from array</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<H3><P>Instructions that store a value from the stack into a local variable</P>
</H3><TABLE WIDTH="500">
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">istore</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Store <FONT FACE="Courier New">int</FONT> into local variable</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">lstore</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Store <FONT FACE="Courier New">long</FONT> into local variable</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">fstore</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Store <FONT FACE="Courier New">float</FONT> into local variable</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">dstore</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Store <FONT FACE="Courier New">double</FONT> into local variable</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">astore</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Store <FONT FACE="Courier New">reference</FONT> or <FONT FACE="Courier New">returnAddress</FONT> into local variable</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">istore_0</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Store <FONT FACE="Courier New">int</FONT> into local variable 0</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">istore_1</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Store <FONT FACE="Courier New">int</FONT> into local variable 1</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">istore_2</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Store <FONT FACE="Courier New">int</FONT> into local variable 2</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">istore_3</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Store <FONT FACE="Courier New">int</FONT> into local variable 3</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">lstore_0</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Store <FONT FACE="Courier New">long</FONT> into local variable 0</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">lstore_1</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Store <FONT FACE="Courier New">long</FONT> into local variable 1</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">lstore_2</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Store <FONT FACE="Courier New">long</FONT> into local variable 2</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">lstore_3</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Store <FONT FACE="Courier New">long</FONT> into local variable 3</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">fstore_0</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Store <FONT FACE="Courier New">float</FONT> into local variable 0</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">fstore_1</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Store <FONT FACE="Courier New">float</FONT> into local variable 1</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">fstore_2</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Store <FONT FACE="Courier New">float</FONT> into local variable 2</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">fstore_3</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Store <FONT FACE="Courier New">float</FONT> into local variable 3</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">dstore_0</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Store <FONT FACE="Courier New">double</FONT> into local variable 0</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">dstore_1</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Store <FONT FACE="Courier New">double</FONT> into local variable 1</TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"><FONT FACE="Courier New">dstore_2</FONT></TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">Store <FONT FACE="Courier New">double</FONT> into local variable 2</TD></TR>
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