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<H1><FONT SIZE=9 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Perl 5</B></FONT></H1>
<H1><FONT COLOR="#FF0000"><B>by Example</B></FONT></H1>
<H3><I>by David Medinets</I></H3>
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<H2 ALIGN=CENTER><FONT COLOR="#FF0000"><FONT SIZE=+3>C O N T E N T S<A NAME="CONTENTS"></A>
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<H2><I><FONT SIZE=5 COLOR=#FF0000>Chapter </FONT></I><FONT SIZE=5 COLOR=#FF0000>1
</FONT><FONT SIZE=5> Getting Your Feet Wet</FONT></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="ch1.htm#Origins" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch1.htm#Origins">
Origins</A>
<LI><A HREF="ch1.htm#SimilartoC" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch1.htm#SimilartoC">
Similar to C?</A>
<LI><A HREF="ch1.htm#CostandLicensing" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch1.htm#CostandLicensing">
Cost and Licensing</A>
<LI><A HREF="ch1.htm#DoYouHavePerlInstalled" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch1.htm#DoYouHavePerlInstalled">
Do You Have Perl Installed?</A>
<LI><A HREF="ch1.htm#GettingandInstallingPerl" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch1.htm#GettingandInstallingPerl">
Getting and Installing Perl</A>
<LI><A HREF="ch1.htm#YourFirstPerlProgram" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch1.htm#YourFirstPerlProgram">
Your First Perl Program</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="ch1.htm#CreatingtheProgram" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch1.htm#CreatingtheProgram">
Creating the Program</A>
<LI><A HREF="ch1.htm#Invocation" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch1.htm#Invocation">
Invocation</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="ch1.htm#CommentsinYourProgram" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch1.htm#CommentsinYourProgram">
Comments in Your Program</A>
<LI><A HREF="ch1.htm#Summary" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch1.htm#Summary">
Summary</A>
<LI><A HREF="ch1.htm#ReviewQuestions" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch1.htm#ReviewQuestions">
Review Questions</A>
<LI><A HREF="ch1.htm#ReviewExercises" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch1.htm#ReviewExercises">
Review Exercises</A>
</UL>
<H2><I><FONT SIZE=5 COLOR=#FF0000>Chapter </FONT></I><FONT SIZE=5 COLOR=#FF0000>2
</FONT><FONT SIZE=5> Numeric and String Literals</FONT></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="ch2.htm#NumericLiterals" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch2.htm#NumericLiterals">
Numeric Literals</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="ch2.htm#ExampleNumbers" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch2.htm#ExampleNumbers">
Example: Numbers</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="ch2.htm#StringLiterals" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch2.htm#StringLiterals">
String Literals</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="ch2.htm#ExampleSingleQuotedStrings" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch2.htm#ExampleSingleQuotedStrings">
Example: Single-Quoted Strings</A>
<LI><A HREF="ch2.htm#ExampleDoubleQuotedStrings" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch2.htm#ExampleDoubleQuotedStrings">
Example: Double-Quoted Strings</A>
<LI><A HREF="ch2.htm#ExampleBackQuotedStrings" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch2.htm#ExampleBackQuotedStrings">
Example: Back-Quoted Strings</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="ch2.htm#ArrayLiterals" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch2.htm#ArrayLiterals">
Array Literals</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="ch2.htm#ExamplePrintinganArray" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch2.htm#ExamplePrintinganArray">
Example: Printing an Array</A>
<LI><A HREF="ch2.htm#ExampleNestingArrays" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch2.htm#ExampleNestingArrays">
Example: Nesting Arrays</A>
<LI><A HREF="ch2.htm#ExampleUsingaRangeofValues" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch2.htm#ExampleUsingaRangeofValues">
Example: Using a Range of Values</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="ch2.htm#Summary" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch2.htm#Summary">
Summary</A>
<LI><A HREF="ch2.htm#ReviewQuestions" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch2.htm#ReviewQuestions">
Review Questions</A>
<LI><A HREF="ch2.htm#ReviewExercises" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch2.htm#ReviewExercises">
Review Exercises</A>
</UL>
<H2><I><FONT SIZE=5 COLOR=#FF0000>Chapter </FONT></I><FONT SIZE=5 COLOR=#FF0000>3
</FONT><FONT SIZE=5> Variables</FONT></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="ch3.htm#ScalarVariables" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch3.htm#ScalarVariables">
Scalar Variables</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="ch3.htm#ExampleAssigningValuestoScalarVariables" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch3.htm#ExampleAssigningValuestoScalarVariables">
Example: Assigning Values to Scalar Variables</A>
<LI><A HREF="ch3.htm#ChangingValuesinScalarVariables" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch3.htm#ChangingValuesinScalarVariables">
Changing Values in Scalar Variables</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="ch3.htm#ArrayVariables" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch3.htm#ArrayVariables">
Array Variables</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="ch3.htm#ExampleAssigningValuestoArrayVariables" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch3.htm#ExampleAssigningValuestoArrayVariables">
Example: Assigning Values to Array Variables</A>
<LI><A HREF="ch3.htm#ExampleUsingArrayElements" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch3.htm#ExampleUsingArrayElements">
Example: Using Array Elements</A>
<LI><A HREF="ch3.htm#ExampleUsingNegativeSubscripts" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch3.htm#ExampleUsingNegativeSubscripts">
Example: Using Negative Subscripts</A>
<LI><A HREF="ch3.htm#ExampleDeterminingtheNumberofElementsinanArray" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch3.htm#ExampleDeterminingtheNumberofElementsinanArray">
Example: Determining the Number of Elements in an Array</A>
<LI><A HREF="ch3.htm#ExampleHowtoGrabaSliceorPartofanArray" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch3.htm#ExampleHowtoGrabaSliceorPartofanArray">
Example: How to Grab a Slice (or Part) of an Array</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="ch3.htm#AssociativeArrayVariables" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch3.htm#AssociativeArrayVariables">
Associative Array Variables</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="ch3.htm#ExampleAssigningValuestoAssociativeArrayVariables" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch3.htm#ExampleAssigningValuestoAssociativeArrayVariables">
Example: Assigning Values to Associative Array Variables</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="ch3.htm#DoubleQuotedStringsRevisited" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch3.htm#DoubleQuotedStringsRevisited">
Double-Quoted Strings Revisited</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="ch3.htm#ExampleVariableInterpolation" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch3.htm#ExampleVariableInterpolation">
Example: Variable Interpolation</A>
<LI><A HREF="ch3.htm#ExampleUsingtheIquotISpecialVariable" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch3.htm#ExampleUsingtheIquotISpecialVariable">
Example: Using the <I>$"</I> Special Variable</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="ch3.htm#Summary" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch3.htm#Summary">
Summary</A>
<LI><A HREF="ch3.htm#ReviewQuestions" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch3.htm#ReviewQuestions">
Review Questions</A>
<LI><A HREF="ch3.htm#ReviewExercises" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch3.htm#ReviewExercises">
Review Exercises</A>
</UL>
<H2><I><FONT SIZE=5 COLOR=#FF0000>Chapter </FONT></I><FONT SIZE=5 COLOR=#FF0000>4
</FONT><FONT SIZE=5> Operators</FONT></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="ch4.htm#OperatorTypes" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch4.htm#OperatorTypes">
Operator Types</A>
<LI><A HREF="ch4.htm#TheBinaryArithmeticOperators" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch4.htm#TheBinaryArithmeticOperators">
The Binary Arithmetic Operators</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="ch4.htm#ExampleTheExponentiationOperator" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch4.htm#ExampleTheExponentiationOperator">
Example: The Exponentiation Operator</A>
<LI><A HREF="ch4.htm#ExampleTheModulusOperator" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch4.htm#ExampleTheModulusOperator">
Example: The Modulus Operator</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="ch4.htm#TheUnaryArithmeticOperators" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch4.htm#TheUnaryArithmeticOperators">
The Unary Arithmetic Operators</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="ch4.htm#ExampleThePreiNCrementOperator" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch4.htm#ExampleThePreiNCrementOperator">
Example: The Pre-iNCrement Operator</A>
<LI><A HREF="ch4.htm#ExampleThePredecrementOperator" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch4.htm#ExampleThePredecrementOperator">
Example: The Pre-decrement Operator</A>
<LI><A HREF="ch4.htm#ExampleThePostiNCrementOperator" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch4.htm#ExampleThePostiNCrementOperator">
Example: The Post-iNCrement Operator</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="ch4.htm#TheLogicalOperators" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch4.htm#TheLogicalOperators">
The Logical Operators</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="ch4.htm#ExampleThequotANDquotOperatorampamp" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch4.htm#ExampleThequotANDquotOperatorampamp">
Example: The "AND" Operator (&&)</A>
<LI><A HREF="ch4.htm#ExampleThequotORquotOperator" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch4.htm#ExampleThequotORquotOperator">
Example: The "OR" Operator (||)</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="ch4.htm#ExampleThequotNOTquotOperator" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch4.htm#ExampleThequotNOTquotOperator">
Example: The "NOT" Operator (!)</A>
<LI><A HREF="ch4.htm#TheBitwiseOperators" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch4.htm#TheBitwiseOperators">
The Bitwise Operators</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="ch4.htm#ExampleUsingtheampandOperators" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch4.htm#ExampleUsingtheampandOperators">
Example: Using the &, |, and ^ Operators</A>
<LI><A HREF="ch4.htm#ExampleUsingthegtgtandltltOperators" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch4.htm#ExampleUsingthegtgtandltltOperators">
Example: Using the >> and << Operators</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="ch4.htm#TheNumericRelationalOperators" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch4.htm#TheNumericRelationalOperators">
The Numeric Relational Operators</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="ch4.htm#ExampleUsingtheltgtOperator" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch4.htm#ExampleUsingtheltgtOperator">
Example: Using the <=> Operator</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="ch4.htm#TheStringRelationalOperators" tppabs="http://cheminf.nankai.edu.cn/~eb~/Perl%205%20By%20Example/ch4.htm#TheStringRelationalOperators">
The String Relational Operators</A>
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