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1: BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Feb 20;6:7.

FGF9 can induce endochondral ossification in cranial mesenchyme.

Govindarajan V, Overbeek PA.

Cancer Center, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA. [e-mail]

BACKGROUND: The flat bones of the skull (i.e., the frontal and parietal bones)
normally form through intramembranous ossification. At these sites cranial
mesenchymal cells directly differentiate into osteoblasts without the formation
of a cartilage intermediate. This type of ossification is distinct from
endochondral ossification, a process that involves initial formation of cartilage
and later replacement by bone. RESULTS: We have analyzed a line of transgenic
mice that expresses FGF9, a member of the fibroblast growth factor family (FGF), 
in cranial mesenchymal cells. The parietal bones in these mice show a switch from
intramembranous to endochondral ossification. Cranial cartilage precursors are
induced to proliferate, then hypertrophy and are later replaced by bone. These
changes are accompanied by upregulation of Sox9, Ihh, Col2a1, Col10a1 and
downregulation of CbfaI and Osteocalcin. Fate mapping studies show that the
cranial mesenchymal cells in the parietal region that show a switch in cell fate 
are likely to be derived from the mesoderm. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate
that FGF9 expression is sufficient to convert the differentiation program of (at 
least a subset of) mesoderm-derived cranial mesenchyme cells from intramembranous
to endochondral ossification.

PMID: 16504022 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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