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📁 This ECMA Standard specifies the form and establishes the interpretation of programs written in the
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /><title>Hyperlinked ECMA C# Language Specification</title><meta name="author" content="Jon Jagger" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="ecma334.css"></link></head><body><div align="right"><em><a href="http://www.jaggersoft.com">Jon Jagger</a></em></div><div align="right"><a href="mailto:jon@jaggersoft.com">jon@jaggersoft.com</a></div><form method="get" action="http://search.atomz.com/search/"><input size="30" name="sp-q"></input><input type="submit" value="Search C# Spec"></input><input type="hidden" name="sp-a" value="sp10024177"></input><input type="hidden" name="sp-f" value="ISO-8859-1"></input></form><a href="toc.htm">Table of Contents</a> <a href="1.htm">1</a> <a href="2.htm">2</a> <a href="3.htm">3</a> <a href="4.htm">4</a> <a href="5.htm">5</a> <a href="6.htm">6</a> <a href="7.htm">7</a> <a href="8.htm">8</a> <a href="9.htm">9</a> <a href="10.htm">10</a> <a href="11.htm">11</a> <a href="12.htm">12</a> <a href="13.htm">13</a> <a href="14.htm">14</a> <a href="15.htm">15</a> <a href="16.htm">16</a> <a href="17.htm">17</a> <a href="18.htm">18</a> <a href="19.htm">19</a> <a href="20.htm">20</a> <a href="21.htm">21</a> <a href="22.htm">22</a> <a href="23.htm">23</a> <a href="24.htm">24</a> <a href="25.htm">25</a> <a href="notes.htm">Notes</a> <a href="HyperlinkedCSharpECMA.zip">Download</a><span class="ruler"></span><span class="heading">ECMA-334 C# Language Specification</span><span class="navigate"><a href="11.1.5.htm"><img src="previous.gif" alt="previous" border="0" /></a><a href="11.1.7.htm"><img src="next.gif" alt="next" border="0" /></a></span><span class="clause-depth"><a href="10.htm"><img src="previous.gif" alt="previous at this level" border="0" /></a><a href="12.htm"><img src="next.gif" alt="next at this level" border="0" /></a> <span class="clause-number-link"><a href="11.htm">11</a></span><span class="clause-title-previous"> Types</span></span><span class="clause-depth"><a href="11.1.htm"><img src="previous.gif" alt="previous at this level" border="0" /></a><a href="11.2.htm"><img src="next.gif" alt="next at this level" border="0" /></a> <span class="clause-number-link"><a href="11.1.htm">11.1</a></span><span class="clause-title-previous"> Value types</span></span><span class="clause-depth"><a href="11.1.5.htm"><img src="previous.gif" alt="previous at this level" border="0" /></a><a href="11.1.7.htm"><img src="next.gif" alt="next at this level" border="0" /></a> <span class="clause-number">11.1.6</span><span class="clause-title"> The decimal type</span></span><span class="locator">
     Paragraph 1</span><span class="paragraph"><span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">1</span> <a name="P1S1"></a>The <span class="keyword">decimal</span> type is a 128-bit data type suitable for financial and monetary calculations.</span> <span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">2</span> <a name="P1S2"></a>The <span class="keyword">decimal</span> type can represent values ranging from 1.0 &#215; 10<sup>-28</sup> to approximately 7.9 &#215; 10<sup>28</sup> with 28-29 significant digits.</span> </span><span class="locator">
     Paragraph 2</span><span class="paragraph"><span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">1</span> <a name="P2S1"></a>The finite set of values of type <span class="keyword">decimal</span> are of the form -1<sup>s</sup> &#215; c &#215; 10<sup>-e</sup>, where the sign s is 0 or 1, the coefficient c is given by 0 &#8804; c &lt; 2<sup>96</sup>, and the scale e is such that 0 &#8804; e &#8804; 28.</span> <span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">2</span> <a name="P2S2"></a>The <span class="keyword">decimal</span> type does not support signed zeros, infinities, or NaN's.</span> </span><span class="locator">
     Paragraph 3</span><span class="paragraph"><span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">1</span> <a name="P3S1"></a>A <span class="keyword">decimal</span> is represented as a 96-bit integer scaled by a power of ten.</span> <span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">2</span> <a name="P3S2"></a>For decimals with an absolute value less than 1.0m, the value is exact to the 28<sup>th</sup> <span class="keyword">decimal</span> place, but no further.</span> <span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">3</span> <a name="P3S3"></a>For decimals with an absolute value greater than or equal to 1.0m, the value is exact to 28 or 29 digits.</span> <span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">4</span> <a name="P3S4"></a>Contrary to the <span class="keyword">float</span> and <span class="keyword">double</span> data types, <span class="keyword">decimal</span> fractional numbers such as 0.1 can be represented exactly in the <span class="keyword">decimal</span> representation.</span> <span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">5</span> <a name="P3S5"></a>In the <span class="keyword">float</span> and <span class="keyword">double</span> representations, such numbers are often infinite fractions, making those representations more prone to round-off errors.</span> </span><span class="locator">
     Paragraph 4</span><span class="paragraph"><span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">1</span> <a name="P4S1"></a>If one of the operands of a binary operator is of type <span class="keyword">decimal</span>, then the other operand must be of an integral type or of type <span class="keyword">decimal</span>.</span> <span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">2</span> <a name="P4S2"></a>If an integral type operand is present, it is converted to <span class="keyword">decimal</span> before the operation is performed.</span> </span><span class="locator">
     Paragraph 5</span><span class="paragraph"><span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">1</span> <a name="P5S1"></a>The result of an operation on values of type <span class="keyword">decimal</span> is that which would result from calculating an exact result (preserving scale, as defined for each operator) and then rounding to fit the representation.</span> <span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">2</span> <a name="P5S2"></a>Results are rounded to the nearest representable value, and, when a result is equally close to two representable values, to the value that has an even number in the least significant digit position (this is known as "banker's rounding").</span> <span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">3</span> <a name="P5S3"></a>That is, results are exact to 28 or 29 digits, but to no more than 28 <span class="keyword">decimal</span> places.</span> <span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">4</span> <a name="P5S4"></a>A zero result always has a sign of 0 and a scale of 0.</span> </span><span class="locator">
     Paragraph 6</span><span class="paragraph"><span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">1</span> <a name="P6S1"></a>If a <span class="keyword">decimal</span> arithmetic operation produces a value that is too small for the <span class="keyword">decimal</span> format after rounding, the result of the operation becomes zero.</span> <span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">2</span> <a name="P6S2"></a>If a <span class="keyword">decimal</span> arithmetic operation produces a result that is too large for the <span class="keyword">decimal</span> format, a System.OverflowException is thrown.</span> </span><span class="locator">
     Paragraph 7</span><span class="paragraph"><span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">1</span> <a name="P7S1"></a>The <span class="keyword">decimal</span> type has greater precision but smaller range than the floating-point types.</span> <span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">2</span> <a name="P7S2"></a>Thus, conversions from the floating-point types to <span class="keyword">decimal</span> might produce overflow exceptions, and conversions from <span class="keyword">decimal</span> to the floating-point types might cause loss of precision.</span> <span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">3</span> <a name="P7S3"></a>For these reasons, no implicit conversions exist between the floating-point types and <span class="keyword">decimal</span>, and without explicit casts, it is not possible to mix floating-point and <span class="keyword">decimal</span> operands in the same expression.</span> </span><span class="ruler"></span><table><tr><td><table align="left" bgcolor="navy"><tr bgcolor="navy"><td><font face="Arial,sans-serif" size="6" color="yellow"><strong>{ JSL }</strong></font></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td><font face="Arial,sans-serif" size="2" color="navy"><strong>Jagger Software Ltd</strong></font></td></tr><tr><td><font face="Arial,sans-serif" size="2" color="navy"><strong>Company # 4070126</strong></font></td></tr><tr><td><font face="Arial,sans-serif" size="2" color="navy"><strong>VAT # 762 5213 42</strong></font></td></tr></table><img src="valid-html401.png" align="left" height="31" width="88" alt="Valid HTML 4.01" /><img src="vcss.gif" align="left" height="31" width="88" alt="Valid CSS" /></body></html>
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