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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /><title>Hyperlinked ECMA C# Language Specification</title><meta name="author" content="Jon Jagger" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="ecma334.css"></link></head><body><div align="right"><em><a href="http://www.jaggersoft.com">Jon Jagger</a></em></div><div align="right"><a href="mailto:jon@jaggersoft.com">jon@jaggersoft.com</a></div><form method="get" action="http://search.atomz.com/search/"><input size="30" name="sp-q"></input><input type="submit" value="Search C# Spec"></input><input type="hidden" name="sp-a" value="sp10024177"></input><input type="hidden" name="sp-f" value="ISO-8859-1"></input></form><a href="toc.htm">Table of Contents</a> <a href="1.htm">1</a> <a href="2.htm">2</a> <a href="3.htm">3</a> <a href="4.htm">4</a> <a href="5.htm">5</a> <a href="6.htm">6</a> <a href="7.htm">7</a> <a href="8.htm">8</a> <a href="9.htm">9</a> <a href="10.htm">10</a> <a href="11.htm">11</a> <a href="12.htm">12</a> <a href="13.htm">13</a> <a href="14.htm">14</a> <a href="15.htm">15</a> <a href="16.htm">16</a> <a href="17.htm">17</a> <a href="18.htm">18</a> <a href="19.htm">19</a> <a href="20.htm">20</a> <a href="21.htm">21</a> <a href="22.htm">22</a> <a href="23.htm">23</a> <a href="24.htm">24</a> <a href="25.htm">25</a> <a href="notes.htm">Notes</a> <a href="HyperlinkedCSharpECMA.zip">Download</a><span class="ruler"></span><span class="heading">ECMA-334 C# Language Specification</span><span class="navigate"><a href="17.4.5.2.htm"><img src="previous.gif" alt="previous" border="0" /></a><a href="17.5.1.htm"><img src="next.gif" alt="next" border="0" /></a></span><span class="clause-depth"><a href="16.htm"><img src="previous.gif" alt="previous at this level" border="0" /></a><a href="18.htm"><img src="next.gif" alt="next at this level" border="0" /></a> <span class="clause-number-link"><a href="17.htm">17</a></span><span class="clause-title-previous"> Classes</span></span><span class="clause-depth"><a href="17.4.htm"><img src="previous.gif" alt="previous at this level" border="0" /></a><a href="17.6.htm"><img src="next.gif" alt="next at this level" border="0" /></a> <span class="clause-number">17.5</span><span class="clause-title"> Methods</span></span><span class="locator">
Paragraph 1</span><span class="paragraph"><span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">1</span> <a name="P1S1"></a>A method is a member that implements a computation or action that can be performed by an object or class.</span> <span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">2</span> <a name="P1S2"></a>Methods are declared using method-declarations: <span class="grammar-production"><span class="name"><a name="method-declaration"></a>method-declaration</span> : <span class="rhs"><span class="non-terminal"><a href="17.5.htm#method-header">method-header</a></span> <span class="non-terminal"><a href="17.5.htm#method-body">method-body</a></span> </span></span><span class="grammar-production"><span class="name"><a name="method-header"></a>method-header</span> : <span class="rhs"><span class="non-terminal"><a href="24.2.htm#attributes">attributes</a></span><sub>opt</sub> <span class="non-terminal"><a href="17.5.htm#method-modifiers">method-modifiers</a></span><sub>opt</sub> <span class="non-terminal"><a href="17.5.htm#return-type">return-type</a></span> <span class="non-terminal"><a href="17.6.htm#member-name">member-name</a></span> <span class="terminal">(</span> <span class="non-terminal"><a href="17.5.1.htm#formal-parameter-list">formal-parameter-list</a></span><sub>opt</sub> <span class="terminal">)</span> </span></span><span class="grammar-production"><span class="name"><a name="method-modifiers"></a>method-modifiers</span> : <span class="rhs"><span class="non-terminal"><a href="17.5.htm#method-modifier">method-modifier</a></span> </span><span class="rhs"><span class="non-terminal"><a href="17.5.htm#method-modifiers">method-modifiers</a></span> <span class="non-terminal"><a href="17.5.htm#method-modifier">method-modifier</a></span> </span></span><span class="grammar-production"><span class="name"><a name="method-modifier"></a>method-modifier</span> : <span class="rhs"><span class="keyword">new</span> </span><span class="rhs"><span class="keyword">public</span> </span><span class="rhs"><span class="keyword">protected</span> </span><span class="rhs"><span class="keyword">internal</span> </span><span class="rhs"><span class="keyword">private</span> </span><span class="rhs"><span class="keyword">static</span> </span><span class="rhs"><span class="keyword">virtual</span> </span><span class="rhs"><span class="keyword">sealed</span> </span><span class="rhs"><span class="keyword">override</span> </span><span class="rhs"><span class="keyword">abstract</span> </span><span class="rhs"><span class="keyword">extern</span> </span></span><span class="grammar-production"><span class="name"><a name="return-type"></a>return-type</span> : <span class="rhs"><span class="non-terminal"><a href="11.htm#type">type</a></span> </span><span class="rhs"><span class="keyword">void</span> </span></span><span class="grammar-production"><span class="name"><a name="member-name"></a>member-name</span> : <span class="rhs"><span class="non-terminal"><a href="9.4.2.htm#identifier">identifier</a></span> </span><span class="rhs"><span class="non-terminal"><a href="11.2.htm#interface-type">interface-type</a></span> <span class="terminal">.</span> <span class="non-terminal"><a href="9.4.2.htm#identifier">identifier</a></span> </span></span><span class="grammar-production"><span class="name"><a name="method-body"></a>method-body</span> : <span class="rhs"><span class="non-terminal"><a href="15.2.htm#block">block</a></span> </span><span class="rhs"><span class="terminal">;</span> </span></span></span></span><span class="locator">
Paragraph 2</span><span class="paragraph"><span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">1</span> <a name="P2S1"></a>A <span class="non-terminal"><a href="17.5.htm#method-declaration">method-declaration</a></span> may include a set of attributes (<a href="24.htm">§24</a>) and a valid combination of the four access modifiers (<a href="17.2.3.htm">§17.2.3</a>), the new (<a href="17.2.2.htm">§17.2.2</a>), static (<a href="17.5.2.htm">§17.5.2</a>), virtual (<a href="17.5.3.htm">§17.5.3</a>), override (<a href="17.5.4.htm">§17.5.4</a>), sealed (<a href="17.5.5.htm">§17.5.5</a>), abstract (<a href="17.5.6.htm">§17.5.6</a>), and extern (<a href="17.5.7.htm">§17.5.7</a>) modifiers.</span> </span><span class="locator">
Paragraph 3</span><span class="paragraph"><span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">1</span> <a name="P3S1"></a>A declaration has a valid combination of modifiers if all of the following are true: </span><ul><li><span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">2</span> <a name="P3S2"></a> The declaration includes a valid combination of access modifiers (<a href="17.2.3.htm">§17.2.3</a>).</span> </li><li><span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">3</span> <a name="P3S3"></a> The declaration does not include the same modifier multiple times.</span> </li><li><span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">4</span> <a name="P3S4"></a> The declaration includes at most one of the following modifiers: static, virtual, and override.</span> </li><li><span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">5</span> <a name="P3S5"></a> The declaration includes at most one of the following modifiers: new and override.</span> </li><li><span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">6</span> <a name="P3S6"></a> If the declaration includes the abstract modifier, then the declaration does not include any of the following modifiers: static, virtual, or extern.</span> </li><li><span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">7</span> <a name="P3S7"></a> If the declaration includes the private modifier, then the declaration does not include any of the following modifiers: virtual, override, or abstract.</span> </li><li><span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">8</span> <a name="P3S8"></a> If the declaration includes the sealed modifier, then the declaration also includes the override modifier.</span> </li></ul></span><span class="locator">
Paragraph 4</span><span class="paragraph"><span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">1</span> <a name="P4S1"></a>The <span class="non-terminal"><a href="17.5.htm#return-type">return-type</a></span> of a method declaration specifies the type of the value computed and returned by the method.</span> <span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">2</span> <a name="P4S2"></a>The <span class="non-terminal"><a href="17.5.htm#return-type">return-type</a></span> is <span class="keyword">void</span> if the method does not return a value.</span> </span><span class="locator">
Paragraph 5</span><span class="paragraph"><span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">1</span> <a name="P5S1"></a>The <span class="non-terminal"><a href="17.6.htm#member-name">member-name</a></span> specifies the name of the method.</span> <span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">2</span> <a name="P5S2"></a>Unless the method is an explicit interface member implementation (<a href="20.4.1.htm">§20.4.1</a>), the <span class="non-terminal"><a href="17.6.htm#member-name">member-name</a></span> is simply an identifier.</span> <span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">3</span> <a name="P5S3"></a>For an explicit interface member implementation, the <span class="non-terminal"><a href="17.6.htm#member-name">member-name</a></span> consists of an <span class="non-terminal"><a href="11.2.htm#interface-type">interface-type</a></span> followed by a "." and an identifier.</span> </span><span class="locator">
Paragraph 6</span><span class="paragraph"><span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">1</span> <a name="P6S1"></a>The optional <span class="non-terminal"><a href="17.5.1.htm#formal-parameter-list">formal-parameter-list</a></span> specifies the parameters of the method (<a href="17.5.1.htm">§17.5.1</a>).</span> </span><span class="locator">
Paragraph 7</span><span class="paragraph"><span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">1</span> <a name="P7S1"></a>The <span class="non-terminal"><a href="17.5.htm#return-type">return-type</a></span> and each of the types referenced in the <span class="non-terminal"><a href="17.5.1.htm#formal-parameter-list">formal-parameter-list</a></span> of a method must be at least as accessible as the method itself (<a href="10.5.4.htm">§10.5.4</a>).</span> </span><span class="locator">
Paragraph 8</span><span class="paragraph"><span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">1</span> <a name="P8S1"></a>For abstract and extern methods, the <span class="non-terminal"><a href="17.5.htm#method-body">method-body</a></span> consists simply of a semicolon.</span> <span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">2</span> <a name="P8S2"></a>For all other methods, the <span class="non-terminal"><a href="17.5.htm#method-body">method-body</a></span> consists of a block, which specifies the statements to execute when the method is invoked.</span> </span><span class="locator">
Paragraph 9</span><span class="paragraph"><span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">1</span> <a name="P9S1"></a>The name and the formal parameter list of a method define the signature (<a href="10.6.htm">§10.6</a>) of the method.</span> <span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">2</span> <a name="P9S2"></a>Specifically, the signature of a method consists of its name and the number, modifiers, and types of its formal parameters.</span> <span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">3</span> <a name="P9S3"></a>The return type is not part of a method's signature, nor are the names of the formal parameters.</span> </span><span class="locator">
Paragraph 10</span><span class="paragraph"><span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">1</span> <a name="P10S1"></a>The name of a method must differ from the names of all other non-methods declared in the same class.</span> <span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">2</span> <a name="P10S2"></a>In addition, the signature of a method must differ from the signatures of all other methods declared in the same class.</span> </span><span class="ruler"></span><table><tr><td><table align="left" bgcolor="navy"><tr bgcolor="navy"><td><font face="Arial,sans-serif" size="6" color="yellow"><strong>{ JSL }</strong></font></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td><font face="Arial,sans-serif" size="2" color="navy"><strong>Jagger Software Ltd</strong></font></td></tr><tr><td><font face="Arial,sans-serif" size="2" color="navy"><strong>Company # 4070126</strong></font></td></tr><tr><td><font face="Arial,sans-serif" size="2" color="navy"><strong>VAT # 762 5213 42</strong></font></td></tr></table><img src="valid-html401.png" align="left" height="31" width="88" alt="Valid HTML 4.01" /><img src="vcss.gif" align="left" height="31" width="88" alt="Valid CSS" /></body></html>⌨️ 快捷键说明
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