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📁 This ECMA Standard specifies the form and establishes the interpretation of programs written in the
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /><title>Hyperlinked ECMA C# Language Specification</title><meta name="author" content="Jon Jagger" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="ecma334.css"></link></head><body><div align="right"><em><a href="http://www.jaggersoft.com">Jon Jagger</a></em></div><div align="right"><a href="mailto:jon@jaggersoft.com">jon@jaggersoft.com</a></div><form method="get" action="http://search.atomz.com/search/"><input size="30" name="sp-q"></input><input type="submit" value="Search C# Spec"></input><input type="hidden" name="sp-a" value="sp10024177"></input><input type="hidden" name="sp-f" value="ISO-8859-1"></input></form><a href="toc.htm">Table of Contents</a> <a href="1.htm">1</a> <a href="2.htm">2</a> <a href="3.htm">3</a> <a href="4.htm">4</a> <a href="5.htm">5</a> <a href="6.htm">6</a> <a href="7.htm">7</a> <a href="8.htm">8</a> <a href="9.htm">9</a> <a href="10.htm">10</a> <a href="11.htm">11</a> <a href="12.htm">12</a> <a href="13.htm">13</a> <a href="14.htm">14</a> <a href="15.htm">15</a> <a href="16.htm">16</a> <a href="17.htm">17</a> <a href="18.htm">18</a> <a href="19.htm">19</a> <a href="20.htm">20</a> <a href="21.htm">21</a> <a href="22.htm">22</a> <a href="23.htm">23</a> <a href="24.htm">24</a> <a href="25.htm">25</a> <a href="notes.htm">Notes</a> <a href="HyperlinkedCSharpECMA.zip">Download</a><span class="ruler"></span><span class="heading">ECMA-334 C# Language Specification</span><span class="navigate"><a href="17.12.htm"><img src="previous.gif" alt="previous" border="0" /></a><a href="18.1.htm"><img src="next.gif" alt="next" border="0" /></a></span><span class="clause-depth"><a href="17.htm"><img src="previous.gif" alt="previous at this level" border="0" /></a><a href="19.htm"><img src="next.gif" alt="next at this level" border="0" /></a> <span class="clause-number">18</span><span class="clause-title"> Structs</span></span><span class="locator">
     Paragraph 1</span><span class="paragraph"><span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">1</span> <a name="P1S1"></a>Structs are similar to classes in that they represent data structures that can contain data members and function members.</span> <span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">2</span> <a name="P1S2"></a>However, unlike classes, structs are value types and do not require heap allocation.</span> <span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">3</span> <a name="P1S3"></a>A variable of a struct type directly contains the data of the struct, whereas a variable of a class type contains a reference to the data, the latter known as an object.</span> </span><span class="paragraph"><span class="note">[Note: Structs are particularly useful for small data structures that have value semantics. Complex numbers, points in a coordinate system, or key-value pairs in a dictionary are all good examples of structs. Key to these data structures is that they have few data members, that they do not require use of inheritance or referential identity, and that they can be conveniently implemented using value semantics where assignment copies the value instead of the reference. end note]</span> </span><span class="locator">
     Paragraph 2</span><span class="paragraph"><span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">1</span> <a name="P2S1"></a>As described in <a href="11.1.3.htm">&#167;11.1.3</a>, the simple types provided by C#, such as <span class="keyword">int</span>, <span class="keyword">double</span>, and <span class="keyword">bool</span>, are, in fact, all struct types.</span> <span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">2</span> <a name="P2S2"></a>Just as these predefined types are structs, it is also possible to use structs and operator overloading to implement new "primitive" types in the C# language.</span> <span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">3</span> <a name="P2S3"></a>Two examples of such types are given at the end of this chapter (<a href="18.4.htm">&#167;18.4</a>).</span> </span><span class="ruler"></span><table><tr><td><table align="left" bgcolor="navy"><tr bgcolor="navy"><td><font face="Arial,sans-serif" size="6" color="yellow"><strong>{ JSL }</strong></font></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td><font face="Arial,sans-serif" size="2" color="navy"><strong>Jagger Software Ltd</strong></font></td></tr><tr><td><font face="Arial,sans-serif" size="2" color="navy"><strong>Company # 4070126</strong></font></td></tr><tr><td><font face="Arial,sans-serif" size="2" color="navy"><strong>VAT # 762 5213 42</strong></font></td></tr></table><img src="valid-html401.png" align="left" height="31" width="88" alt="Valid HTML 4.01" /><img src="vcss.gif" align="left" height="31" width="88" alt="Valid CSS" /></body></html>
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